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Microbiology

1.

is the study of microscopic organisms – a largely unseen world

Microbiology

2.

are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Microorganisms

3.

Microbes in Our Lives ,few are

pathogenic (disease-causing

4.

Microbes in Our Lives, they Decompose

organic waste

5.

Microbes in Our Lives, are producers in the ecosystem by

Are producers in the ecosystem by

6.

Microbes in Our Lives

photosynthesis

7.

Microbes in Our Lives,produce industrial chemicals such as

ethanol and acetone

8.

Microbes in Our Lives, produce fermented foods such as

vinegar, cheese, and bread

9.

Microbes in Our Lives, produce products used in manufacturing

e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin)

10.

There (3) classification of Microorganisms are

–Bacteria

–Archaea

–Eukarya

  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
11.

Ancestors of______were the first life on Earth

bacteria

12.

Oldest known fossils are of

stromatolites

13.

stromatolites are how old

–3.5 billion years old

14.

The first microbes, however, were only directly observed in

1673

15.

Organism Nomenclature was established by

Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

16.

Each organism has unique _________species name.

two part genus

17.

Organism Nomenclature is usually written in

  • in italics or underlined
  • genus with capital first letter
  • species/specific epithet all lowercase
18.

After first use in documents, you can

  • abbreviate genus: example:E. coli
19.

Name often describes organism

  • shape,
  • habitat,
  • name of discoverer, etc.
20.

1673-1723: Anton van Leeuwenhoek described live

animalcules

21.

1665: Robert Hooke reported that living things were composed of

little boxes, or cells

22.

1858: Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from

preexisting cells

23.

Cell theory: All living things are composed of

cells and come from preexisting cells

24.

Spontaneous generation: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving

matter; a “vital force” forms life

25.

Biogenesis: The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from

preexisting life

26.

Pasteurization is the application of a

high heat for a short time

27.

1876: Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes

anthrax

28.

Paul Erlich speculated about a

magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

29.

Treatment with chemicals is

chemotherapy

30.

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be __________or antibiotics.

synthetic drugs

31.

_____________are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.

Antibiotics

32.

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the_______.

first antibiotic

33.

Fleming observed that_______fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

Penicillium

34.

_______Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

1940s

35.

_______a new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

Recombinant DNA technology

36.

___________infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans, and to plants

Bacillus thuringiensis

37.

The signs of interaction between atoms and molecules is called

Chemistry

38.

Atoms are listed by their__________.

Atomic number

39.

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the approximate_________.

Atomic weight

40.

There are___________ naturally occurring elements.

92

41.

___________Atoms with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

Isotopes

42.

In an Adam electrons are arranged in__________.

Electron Shells

43.

Electron shells are region corresponding to different______________.

Energy levels

44.

Time it takes for one half of the atom in sample to decay

Half-life

45.

Atoms are mostly “empty” space – filled in by a cloud of

electrons

46.

Valence electrons are located in the

outermost shell of an atom

47.

Atoms with__________ shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms

incomplete valence

48.

These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called

chemical bonds

49.

__________are groups of atoms held together in a stable association

Molecules

50.

______are molecules containing more than one type of element

Compound

51.

A ________ has characteristics different than those of its elements

compound

52.

Which bonds are stronger______ and _______.

Ionic and Covalent

53.

Which bond is weaker _____ and ______.

Hydrogen bond and Van der Waals.

54.

Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called_____.

ionic compounds, or salts

55.

________form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Covalent bonds

56.
  • In a ______________the atoms share the electron.

nonpolar covalent bond,

57.

_________is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Electronegativity

58.

In a, _______one atom is more electronegative,

polar covalent bond

59.

______are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

Van der Waals interactions

60.

involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

Chemical reactions

61.

A change in ________occurs during a chemical reaction.

chemical energy

62.

____________reactions absorb energy,

Endergonic

63.

_________reactions release energy

Exergonic

64.

Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine
to form new, larger molecules.

Synthesis Reactions

65.

is the synthesis of molecules in a cell

Anabolism

66.

Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

Decomposition Reactions

67.

is the decomposition reactions in a cell

Catabolism

68.
  • Are part synthesis and part decomposition

Exchange Reactions

69.

What type of reaction?

Synthesis Reactions

70.

What type of reaction?

Decomposition Reactions

71.

What type of reaction?

Exchange Reactions

72.
  • Can readily go in either direction
  • Each direction may need special conditions

Reversible Reactions

73.

What type of reaction?

Reversible reaction

74.

In a ,_____ one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

polar covalent bond

75.

_____is an excellent solvent

water

76.

Substance that resists changes in pH

Act by

–Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added

–Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

Overall effect of keeping [H+] relatively constant

Buffers

77.

Most _______ consist of a pair of molecules, one an acid and one a base

biological buffer

78.

Life molecules are mostly made up of_____

carbon