is the study of microscopic organisms – a largely unseen world

Microbiology

are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Microorganisms

Microbes in Our Lives ,few are

pathogenic (disease-causing

Microbes in Our Lives, they Decompose

organic waste

Microbes in Our Lives, are producers in the ecosystem by

Are producers in the ecosystem by

Microbes in Our Lives

photosynthesis

Microbes in Our Lives,produce industrial chemicals such as

ethanol and acetone

Microbes in Our Lives, produce fermented foods such as

vinegar, cheese, and bread

Microbes in Our Lives, produce products used in manufacturing

e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin)

There (3) classification of Microorganisms are

–Bacteria

–Archaea

–Eukarya

• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

Ancestors of______were the first life on Earth

bacteria

Oldest known fossils are of

stromatolites

stromatolites are how old

–3.5 billion years old

The first microbes, however, were only directly observed in

1673

Organism Nomenclature was established by

Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

Each organism has unique _________species name.

two part genus

Organism Nomenclature is usually written in

• in italics or underlined
• genus with capital first letter
• species/specific epithet all lowercase

After first use in documents, you can

• abbreviate genus: example:E. coli

Name often describes organism

• shape,
• habitat,
• name of discoverer, etc.

1673-1723: Anton van Leeuwenhoek described live

animalcules

1665: Robert Hooke reported that living things were composed of

little boxes, or cells

1858: Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from

preexisting cells

Cell theory: All living things are composed of

cells and come from preexisting cells

Spontaneous generation: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving

matter; a “vital force” forms life

Biogenesis: The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from

preexisting life

Pasteurization is the application of a

high heat for a short time

1876: Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes

anthrax

Paul Erlich speculated about a

magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

Treatment with chemicals is

chemotherapy

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be __________or antibiotics.

synthetic drugs

_____________are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.

Antibiotics

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the_______.

first antibiotic

Fleming observed that_______fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

Penicillium

_______Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

1940s

_______a new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

Recombinant DNA technology

___________infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans, and to plants

Bacillus thuringiensis

The signs of interaction between atoms and molecules is called

Chemistry

Atoms are listed by their__________.

Atomic number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the approximate_________.

Atomic weight

There are___________ naturally occurring elements.

92

___________Atoms with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

Isotopes

In an Adam electrons are arranged in__________.

Electron Shells

Electron shells are region corresponding to different______________.

Energy levels

Time it takes for one half of the atom in sample to decay

Half-life

Atoms are mostly “empty” space – filled in by a cloud of

electrons

Valence electrons are located in the

outermost shell of an atom

Atoms with__________ shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms

incomplete valence

These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called

chemical bonds

__________are groups of atoms held together in a stable association

Molecules

______are molecules containing more than one type of element

Compound

A ________ has characteristics different than those of its elements

compound

Which bonds are stronger______ and _______.

Ionic and Covalent

Which bond is weaker _____ and ______.

Hydrogen bond and Van der Waals.

Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called_____.

ionic compounds, or salts

________form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Covalent bonds

• In a ______________the atoms share the electron.

nonpolar covalent bond,

_________is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Electronegativity

In a, _______one atom is more electronegative,

polar covalent bond

______are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

Van der Waals interactions

involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

Chemical reactions

A change in ________occurs during a chemical reaction.

chemical energy

____________reactions absorb energy,

Endergonic

_________reactions release energy

Exergonic

Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine
to form new, larger molecules.

Synthesis Reactions

is the synthesis of molecules in a cell

Anabolism

Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

Decomposition Reactions

is the decomposition reactions in a cell

Catabolism

• Are part synthesis and part decomposition

Exchange Reactions

What type of reaction?

Synthesis Reactions

What type of reaction?

Decomposition Reactions

What type of reaction?

Exchange Reactions

• Can readily go in either direction
• Each direction may need special conditions

Reversible Reactions

What type of reaction?

Reversible reaction

In a ,_____ one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

polar covalent bond

_____is an excellent solvent

water

Substance that resists changes in pH

Act by

–Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added

–Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

Overall effect of keeping [H+] relatively constant

Buffers

Most _______ consist of a pair of molecules, one an acid and one a base

biological buffer

Life molecules are mostly made up of_____

carbon