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78 notecards = 20 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Microbiology

front 1

is the study of microscopic organisms – a largely unseen world

back 1

Microbiology

front 2

are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

back 2

Microorganisms

front 3

Microbes in Our Lives ,few are

back 3

pathogenic (disease-causing

front 4

Microbes in Our Lives, they Decompose

back 4

organic waste

front 5

Microbes in Our Lives, are producers in the ecosystem by

back 5

Are producers in the ecosystem by

front 6

Microbes in Our Lives

back 6

photosynthesis

front 7

Microbes in Our Lives,produce industrial chemicals such as

back 7

ethanol and acetone

front 8

Microbes in Our Lives, produce fermented foods such as

back 8

vinegar, cheese, and bread

front 9

Microbes in Our Lives, produce products used in manufacturing

back 9

e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin)

front 10

There (3) classification of Microorganisms are

back 10

–Bacteria

–Archaea

–Eukarya

  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals

front 11

Ancestors of______were the first life on Earth

back 11

bacteria

front 12

Oldest known fossils are of

back 12

stromatolites

front 13

stromatolites are how old

back 13

–3.5 billion years old

front 14

The first microbes, however, were only directly observed in

back 14

1673

front 15

Organism Nomenclature was established by

back 15

Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

front 16

Each organism has unique _________species name.

back 16

two part genus

front 17

Organism Nomenclature is usually written in

back 17

  • in italics or underlined
  • genus with capital first letter
  • species/specific epithet all lowercase

front 18

After first use in documents, you can

back 18

  • abbreviate genus: example:E. coli

front 19

Name often describes organism

back 19

  • shape,
  • habitat,
  • name of discoverer, etc.

front 20

1673-1723: Anton van Leeuwenhoek described live

back 20

animalcules

front 21

1665: Robert Hooke reported that living things were composed of

back 21

little boxes, or cells

front 22

1858: Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from

back 22

preexisting cells

front 23

Cell theory: All living things are composed of

back 23

cells and come from preexisting cells

front 24

Spontaneous generation: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving

back 24

matter; a “vital force” forms life

front 25

Biogenesis: The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from

back 25

preexisting life

front 26

Pasteurization is the application of a

back 26

high heat for a short time

front 27

1876: Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes

back 27

anthrax

front 28

Paul Erlich speculated about a

back 28

magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

front 29

Treatment with chemicals is

back 29

chemotherapy

front 30

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be __________or antibiotics.

back 30

synthetic drugs

front 31

_____________are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.

back 31

Antibiotics

front 32

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the_______.

back 32

first antibiotic

front 33

Fleming observed that_______fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

back 33

Penicillium

front 34

_______Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

back 34

1940s

front 35

_______a new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

back 35

Recombinant DNA technology

front 36

___________infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans, and to plants

back 36

Bacillus thuringiensis

front 37

The signs of interaction between atoms and molecules is called

back 37

Chemistry

front 38

Atoms are listed by their__________.

back 38

Atomic number

front 39

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the approximate_________.

back 39

Atomic weight

front 40

There are___________ naturally occurring elements.

back 40

92

front 41

___________Atoms with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

back 41

Isotopes

front 42

In an Adam electrons are arranged in__________.

back 42

Electron Shells

front 43

Electron shells are region corresponding to different______________.

back 43

Energy levels

front 44

Time it takes for one half of the atom in sample to decay

back 44

Half-life

front 45

Atoms are mostly “empty” space – filled in by a cloud of

back 45

electrons

front 46

Valence electrons are located in the

back 46

outermost shell of an atom

front 47

Atoms with__________ shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms

back 47

incomplete valence

front 48

These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called

back 48

chemical bonds

front 49

__________are groups of atoms held together in a stable association

back 49

Molecules

front 50

______are molecules containing more than one type of element

back 50

Compound

front 51

A ________ has characteristics different than those of its elements

back 51

compound

front 52

Which bonds are stronger______ and _______.

back 52

Ionic and Covalent

front 53

Which bond is weaker _____ and ______.

back 53

Hydrogen bond and Van der Waals.

front 54

Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called_____.

back 54

ionic compounds, or salts

front 55

________form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

back 55

Covalent bonds

front 56

  • In a ______________the atoms share the electron.

back 56

nonpolar covalent bond,

front 57

_________is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

back 57

Electronegativity

front 58

In a, _______one atom is more electronegative,

back 58

polar covalent bond

front 59

______are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

back 59

Van der Waals interactions

front 60

involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

back 60

Chemical reactions

front 61

A change in ________occurs during a chemical reaction.

back 61

chemical energy

front 62

____________reactions absorb energy,

back 62

Endergonic

front 63

_________reactions release energy

back 63

Exergonic

front 64

Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine
to form new, larger molecules.

back 64

Synthesis Reactions

front 65

is the synthesis of molecules in a cell

back 65

Anabolism

front 66

Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

back 66

Decomposition Reactions

front 67

is the decomposition reactions in a cell

back 67

Catabolism

front 68

  • Are part synthesis and part decomposition

back 68

Exchange Reactions

front 69

What type of reaction?

back 69

Synthesis Reactions

front 70

What type of reaction?

back 70

Decomposition Reactions

front 71

What type of reaction?

back 71

Exchange Reactions

front 72

  • Can readily go in either direction
  • Each direction may need special conditions

back 72

Reversible Reactions

front 73

What type of reaction?

back 73

Reversible reaction

front 74

In a ,_____ one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

back 74

polar covalent bond

front 75

_____is an excellent solvent

back 75

water

front 76

Substance that resists changes in pH

Act by

–Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added

–Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

Overall effect of keeping [H+] relatively constant

back 76

Buffers

front 77

Most _______ consist of a pair of molecules, one an acid and one a base

back 77

biological buffer

front 78

Life molecules are mostly made up of_____

back 78

carbon