What does the cell membrane contain?

Phospholipid Bi-layer

The head of a phospholipid is__.

Hydrophilic

The tail of a phospholipid is__.

Hydrophobic

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: unsaturated fatty acids are __ than those rich in saturated fatty acid.

more fluid

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: at warm temperatures (37 Celsius/ 98.6 Fahrenheit), cholesterol__.

restrains movement of phospholipids

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: at cooler temperatures, a cell membrane__.

switches from a fluid state to a solid state

Type of proteins that go all the way through the membrane to the external.

Integral Proteins

Type of proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated and attach to integral proteins

Peripheral Proteins

Examples of integral proteins

Transmembrane Proteins, Transport Proteins, Receptor Proteins

Blocks the beta receptors from binding with hormones such as adrenaline

Beta blockers

Permeability is influenced by__

concentration, gradients, solubility, fluidity

Moves ions or molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (with the concentration gradient) so, it does not require energy.

Passive Transport

The types of Passive Transport are __.

Diffusion and Osmosis

The types of Diffusion are __.

Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules pass directly through the membrane

Simple Diffusion

Molecules pass through the membrane with the help of carrier molecules

Facilitated Diffusion

In Facilitated Diffusion, the __ have a charged passageway through which water molecules or a specific solute can pass.

Channel Proteins

The concentration of solutes outside of the cell relative to inside of the cell

Tonicity

Based on the concentration of impermeable molecules (solutes) that make up a solution inside and outside the membrane

Osmolarity

When there is a higher amount of solutes outside of cell and more H20 in cell the solution is__.

Hypertonic

When there is a lower amount of solutes outside of cell and less H20 in cell the solution is__.

Hypotonic

When there is an equal amount of solutes outside of cell and an equal amountof H20 in cell the solution is__.

Isotonic

Integral membrane pore proteins that electively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes, also known as water channels.

Aquaporins

Moves ions or molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against the concentration gradient), assisted by enzymes so, it does require energy (usually in the form of ATP).

Active Transport

Type of Active Transport that uses ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and then bring is able to bring potassium in from outside of the cell

Na+/K+ pumps

Type of Active Transport that moves 2 molecules at the same time

Cotransport

The type of Active Transport that allows for movement of macromolecules such as proteins or polysaccharides into or out of the cell is called__.

Bulk Transport

What are the two types of Bulk Transport?

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

What are the types of Endocytosis?

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated

Type of Endocytosis that does "cell eating"; large particles/cells are engulfed by another cell

Phagocytosis

What are some example of phagocytosis?

Protists (amoeba) and White blood cells

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

Endocytosis

Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.

Pinocytosis

Addition of actin monomers at the plasma membrane interface generates protrusive force that drives eukaryotic motility.

Actin polymerization

Type of cells that engulf that whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize

Phagocytic

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

Macrophage

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

Phagosome

Protein that can assemble into a basket-like network that gives budding vesicles their shape during Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Clathrin

A highly specific cellular uptake type of Endocytosis that makes the molecule that are to be taken, bind to cell surface receptor found in a clathrin-coated pit

Receptor-mediated

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Exocytosis

Sum of all metabolic pathways

Cellular Metabolism

The two types of pathways in the the Metabolism are

Catabolic and Anabolic

The type of metabolic pathways that break down big molecules and release energy that was contained in the chemical bonds

Catabolic

The type of metabolic pathways that consume and store energy in the bonds when building large molecules

Anabolic

the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.

Bioenernergetics

Energy of an object when in motion

Kinetic

Energy of an object when not in motion

Potential

Energy stored in chemical bonds

Chemical

Energy can never be created nor destroyed

First Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy of any isolated system always increases.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

a measure of disorder that increases when there is a conversion of energy that is not perfectly efficient

Entropy

A type of reaction that breaks down bigger molecules into smaller ones and also release energy

Exergonic

A type of reaction that forms bigger molecules from the intake of energy and smaller molecules

Endergonic

When an exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction

Coupled reaction

When energy goes from kinetic to potential

ΔG+

When energy goes from potential to kinetic

ΔG-

Performs work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

Type of molecule that is made in mitochondria from adenine, ribose, and phosphate group. Provides energy for reactions, activate other molecules in cell. (the free-floating rechargeable batteries in all living things)

ATP

Some functions that require ATP are

Chemical work, transport work, mechanical work

ATP is made from

ADP, Phosphate Group, and Energy

Proteins that initiate and speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

Enzymes

Substrates enter the active site, substrates and active site change shape to promote a reaction between the substrates, the substrates, bonded together, leave enzyme: the enzyme is ready for a new set of substrates

Enzymatic process

Enzymatic reactions are limited by

Amount of time and Amount of substrate

2 types of cellular regulation of enzymes

feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation

uses a metabolic pathway to turn off/on the activity of an enzyme, the body sends the signal to the cell to turn off/on activity

Feedback Inhibition

molecules bind to the activator or inhibitor sites on the enzyme to temporarily regulate its activity (drugs/poisons)

Allosteric Regulation

What are the to types of Allosteric Regulation?

Competitive Inhibition and Noncompetitive Inhibition

Type of Allosteric Regulation that goes into the active site to block entry of the substrate

Competitive Inhibition

Type of Allosteric Regulation that blocks the active site by changing the shape of the site by pushing it from outside so substrates no longer fit

Noncompetitive Inhibition

When there is a higher affinity and the active site is able to bind the substrate better, easier and for longer there is an Allosteric __ present

Activator

When there is a lower affinity and the active site is not able to bind the substrate as efficiently there is an Allosteric __ present

Inhibitor

Type of allosteric activation which changes conformation of all active sites so reactions can occur

Cooperativity

The Enzyme that breaks down ATP into ADP and P to release energy to the cell

ATPase

The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and Phosphate to release energy to the cell is called

ATP Hydrolysis

The Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ADP and Phosphate to create ATP is called

ATP Synthase

The process of catalyzing the reaction of ADP and Phosphate to create ATP is called

ATP Dehydration Synthesis

Require activation energy(usually in the form of ATP)

Enzymatic reactions

molecules that help to make enzymatic reactions occur

Coenzymes

An example of an Endergonic reaction

Synthesis of DNA

An example of an Exergonic reaction

Glycolysis