Campbell Biology 10th Edition: Chapter 7 & 8 Review Flashcards

What does the cell membrane contain?

The head of a phospholipid is__.

The tail of a phospholipid is__.

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: unsaturated fatty acids are __ than those rich in saturated fatty acid.

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: at warm temperatures (37 Celsius/ 98.6 Fahrenheit), cholesterol__.

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: at cooler temperatures, a cell membrane__.

Type of proteins that go all the way through the membrane to the external.

Type of proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated and attach to integral proteins

Examples of integral proteins

Blocks the beta receptors from binding with hormones such as adrenaline

Permeability is influenced by__

Moves ions or molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (with the concentration gradient) so, it does not require energy.

The types of Passive Transport are __.

The types of Diffusion are __.

Molecules pass directly through the membrane

Molecules pass through the membrane with the help of carrier molecules

In Facilitated Diffusion, the __ have a charged passageway through which water molecules or a specific solute can pass.

The concentration of solutes outside of the cell relative to inside of the cell

Based on the concentration of impermeable molecules (solutes) that make up a solution inside and outside the membrane

When there is a higher amount of solutes outside of cell and more H20 in cell the solution is__.

When there is a lower amount of solutes outside of cell and less H20 in cell the solution is__.

When there is an equal amount of solutes outside of cell and an equal amountof H20 in cell the solution is__.

Integral membrane pore proteins that electively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes, also known as water channels.

Moves ions or molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against the concentration gradient), assisted by enzymes so, it does require energy (usually in the form of ATP).

Type of Active Transport that uses ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and then bring is able to bring potassium in from outside of the cell

Type of Active Transport that moves 2 molecules at the same time

The type of Active Transport that allows for movement of macromolecules such as proteins or polysaccharides into or out of the cell is called__.

What are the two types of Bulk Transport?

What are the types of Endocytosis?

Type of Endocytosis that does "cell eating"; large particles/cells are engulfed by another cell

What are some example of phagocytosis?

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.

Addition of actin monomers at the plasma membrane interface generates protrusive force that drives eukaryotic motility.

Type of cells that engulf that whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

Protein that can assemble into a basket-like network that gives budding vesicles their shape during Endocytosis and Exocytosis

A highly specific cellular uptake type of Endocytosis that makes the molecule that are to be taken, bind to cell surface receptor found in a clathrin-coated pit

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Sum of all metabolic pathways

The two types of pathways in the the Metabolism are

The type of metabolic pathways that break down big molecules and release energy that was contained in the chemical bonds

The type of metabolic pathways that consume and store energy in the bonds when building large molecules

the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.

Energy of an object when in motion

Energy of an object when not in motion

Energy stored in chemical bonds

Energy can never be created nor destroyed

Entropy of any isolated system always increases.

a measure of disorder that increases when there is a conversion of energy that is not perfectly efficient

A type of reaction that breaks down bigger molecules into smaller ones and also release energy

A type of reaction that forms bigger molecules from the intake of energy and smaller molecules

When an exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction

When energy goes from kinetic to potential

When energy goes from potential to kinetic

Performs work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Type of molecule that is made in mitochondria from adenine, ribose, and phosphate group. Provides energy for reactions, activate other molecules in cell. (the free-floating rechargeable batteries in all living things)

Some functions that require ATP are

ATP is made from

Proteins that initiate and speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

Substrates enter the active site, substrates and active site change shape to promote a reaction between the substrates, the substrates, bonded together, leave enzyme: the enzyme is ready for a new set of substrates

Enzymatic reactions are limited by

2 types of cellular regulation of enzymes

uses a metabolic pathway to turn off/on the activity of an enzyme, the body sends the signal to the cell to turn off/on activity

molecules bind to the activator or inhibitor sites on the enzyme to temporarily regulate its activity (drugs/poisons)

What are the to types of Allosteric Regulation?

Type of Allosteric Regulation that goes into the active site to block entry of the substrate

Type of Allosteric Regulation that blocks the active site by changing the shape of the site by pushing it from outside so substrates no longer fit

When there is a higher affinity and the active site is able to bind the substrate better, easier and for longer there is an Allosteric __ present

When there is a lower affinity and the active site is not able to bind the substrate as efficiently there is an Allosteric __ present

Type of allosteric activation which changes conformation of all active sites so reactions can occur

The Enzyme that breaks down ATP into ADP and P to release energy to the cell

The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and Phosphate to release energy to the cell is called

The Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ADP and Phosphate to create ATP is called

The process of catalyzing the reaction of ADP and Phosphate to create ATP is called

Require activation energy(usually in the form of ATP)

molecules that help to make enzymatic reactions occur

An example of an Endergonic reaction

An example of an Exergonic reaction