SC154 Unit 4
Which types of muscle can respond to hormonal signals from the Endocrine System?
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Smooth and striated muscle
Skeletal and cardiac muscle
Smooth and skeletal muscle
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Which type of muscle produces steady, peristaltic contractions that allow substances (ie food in the digestive tract) to move throughout the body?
peritoneal skeletal muscle
diaphragmatic striated muscle
visceral smooth muscle
thoracic cardiac muscle
visceral smooth muscle
Muscle contraction depends on the action of actin and myosin in response to ____ ions.
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
The ability of cardiac muscle to contract in a wave-like pattern and function as a pump is due to:
Intercalated discs
Mitochondria
Hormones
Myoglobin
Intercalated discs
Dilation and constriction of blood vessels relies on the action of:
Striated muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
In the Sliding Filament Model of muscle contraction, what happens to the A band during this process?
It increases in width
It decreases in width
It stays the same width
It initially increases, then decreases in width
It stays the same width
What are the products of ATP hydrolyzation?
ATP and ADP
ADP and Phosphate
ATP and Phosphate
ATP cannot be hydrolyzed
ADP and Phosphate
Muscle fatigue occurs as ______ increases in concentration in the muscle tissues.
Lactic acid
Hyaluronic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Fatty acids
Lactic acid
What type of molecule is myoglobin?
Lipid
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrate
Protein
Protein
When a muscle atrophies, which of the following occurs?
Muscle strength increases
The number of sarcomeres and myofibrils decrease
The number of muscle fibers decreases
Muscle tone and flexibility both increase
The number of sarcomeres and myofibrils decrease
Isotonic contractions differ from isometric contractions in that:
They are common names for the same type of muscle movement
Isometric contractions increase the angle of a skeletal muscle joint
Isotonic contractions increase the tension in the muscle
Isometric contractions do not move a load
Isometric contractions do not move a load
The size of a motor unit is dependent on:
The amount of muscle tension required
All motor units are the same size
The angle of the joint of the skeletal muscles involved
The number of motor neurons
The amount of muscle tension required
In terms of isotonic contractions, a concentric contraction is defined by:
The shortening of a muscle to move a load
Keeping the angle of a skeletal muscle joint stable while the muscle contracts
The lengthening of a muscle to move a load
The increase in the angle of a skeletal muscle joint
The shortening of a muscle to move a load
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Muscle tone during sleep or rest creates complete tetanus
Muscle tone is always maintained in the body to stabilize joints and maintain posture
Muscle tone decreases with skeletal movement
Muscle tone decreases to zero when the body is at rest
Muscle tone is always maintained in the body to stabilize joints and maintain posture
What is meant by a muscle “twitch”?
An isolated contraction caused by a single action potential from a motor neuron
A group of intense contractions caused by a motor unit in the smooth muscle
A hormonal cascade from the Endocrine system resulting in a new muscle innervation
Muscle fibers contracting in a wave-like motion as they continue through a limb
An isolated contraction caused by a single action potential from a motor neuron
Fast oxidative muscle fiber cells contain more _____ due to their need for consistent ATP production.
Nuclei
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration requires ______ in order to produce ATP.
Carbon dioxide and glucagon
Oxygen and glucose
Hydrogen and oxygen
Glucose and glucagon
Oxygen and glucose
What happens to muscle fibers with increased resistance exercise and training?
They increase in thickness due to increased formation of myofibrils
They show hypotrophy due to reduction in muscle mass
There is a decrease in the number of FG fibers
There is an overall decrease in the number of sarcomeres
They increase in thickness due to increased formation of myofibrils
Which of the following types of muscle fibers fatigues the fastest?
Fast oxidative fibers
Slow oxidative fibers
Slow glycolytic fibers
Fast glycolytic fibers
Fast glycolytic fibers
What has to occur in order to increase muscle mass when weight-training?
Training sessions have to increase the amount of weight lifted over time
The weights have to be varied each session to ensure a wide range of values
A week or more has to pass between weight lifting sessions during training
The weights have to steadily decrease in amount over successive sessions
Training sessions have to increase the amount of weight lifted over time
A group of muscle fibers bundled by connective tissue as a unit within the muscle tissue is termed a(n):
Fascicle
Perimysium
Sphincter
Fascia
Fascicle
Superficial muscles differ from deep in that:
Superficial muscles have more connections to the skeletal system
Superficial muscles are located closer to the skin
Deep muscles are exposed to the outer surface of the body
Deep muscles contain less surface area overall
Superficial muscles are located closer to the skin
A muscle's origin is:
The junction of a muscle with its associated tendons and ligaments
The attachment site to the skeleton which does not move during contraction
The place where the skeleton is pulled by the muscle during contraction
The location where a muscle is innervated by the nervous system
The attachment site to the skeleton which does not move during contraction
A muscle characterized by having widespread expansion with fascicles joining at a single, common attachment point is termed:
Pennate
Pinnate
Convergent
Parallel
Convergent
The prefix “quad” as used in naming the quadriceps muscle means that:
It is one of a group of four muscles in that location
It uses four motor neurons to achieve movement
It is connected to four different bones of the skeletal system
It has four potential directions of movement
It is one of a group of four muscles in that location
Dilation and constriction of blood vessels relies on the action of:
Striated muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original length when relaxed is due to:
Elasticity
Extensibility
Excitability
Contractility
Elasticity
Which types of muscle can respond to hormonal signals from the Endocrine System?
Smooth and skeletal muscle
Skeletal and cardiac muscle
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Smooth and striated muscle
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle is unique from other muscle types (cardiac, smooth) in that it can only be contracted functionally is through:
Effectors
Hormone stimulation
Endocrine target organs
Nervous stimulation
Nervous stimulation
The cytoplasm found in muscle cells is termed:
Chondroplasm
Sarcoplasm
Myoplasm
Somatoplasm
Sarcoplasm
The striations seen in skeletal muscle are created by the particular arrangement of filaments of:
Cysteine and glycine
Glutamine and glutamic acid
Actin and myosin
Fibrin and fibrinogen
Actin and myosin
What is meant by “Fibrosis”?
Smooth muscle regeneration in the blood vessels
Muscle tissue growth due to the action of myofibrils
Significant damage to muscle tissue causes replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue
Increased fiber intake that aids in elimination of waste in muscle tissues
Significant damage to muscle tissue causes replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue
Sarcopenia is caused by:
Muscle tone and elasticity increases from isotonic muscle contractions
Muscle atrophy due to the aging process and accompanying loss of muscle fibers
Increased resistance to disease and atrophy from strength training
Increase in muscle mass due to repair after significant injury
Muscle atrophy due to the aging process and accompanying loss of muscle fibers
Why is it important to ensure muscles are exercised continuously, even when damaged or atrophied?
Exercise decreases blood flow to the skeletal muscles
Injured muscles produce more oxygen for the body
Muscle tissue requires exercise to produce protein
Non-used muscle tissue eventually becomes necrotic
Non-used muscle tissue eventually becomes necrotic
Muscle cells are replaced by _____ as they degenerate and die.
Adipose and endothelial tissue
Connective and epithelial tissue
Connective and adipose tissue
Neural and epithelial tissue
Connective and adipose tissue
What is the function of satellite cells?
To repair skeletal muscle cells and facilitate growth
To generate new muscle linkages to the nervous system
To break down injured or dead muscle tissue
To make connections between smooth and skeletal muscle
To repair skeletal muscle cells and facilitate growth
Muscle tissue in the body arises from which embryonic layer?
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Myoderm
Mesoderm
Mesoderm
A reduction in the size of motor units as we age also results in:
Increased muscle tension and more smooth muscle innervation
Increased muscle stimulation and increased skeletal muscle innervation
Decreased muscle stimulation and a decrease in muscle tension
Decreased muscle innervation and increased muscle tension
Decreased muscle stimulation and a decrease in muscle tension
The origin of the facial muscle responsible for smiling is the:
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
The prime mover of the facial muscle that is responsible for flaring of the nostrils is the:
Occipito-frontalis
Corrugator supercilii
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Nasalis
The facial muscle that moves the lips is called the:
Orbicularis oculi
Epicranial aponeurosis
Orbicularis oris
Occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oris
The muscle responsible for rotating and tilting the head both side-to-side and forwards is called the:
Erector spinae
Transversospinales
Sternocleido-mastoid
Splenius cervicis
Sternocleido-mastoid
In order to drink through a straw, what prime mover facial muscle must be used?
Mentalis
Buccinator
Depressor angulus oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Buccinator
The act of deglutition is also known as:
Coughing
Swallowing
Speaking
Laughing
Swallowing
What is the function of the caval opening in the diaphragm?
To collect excess interstitial fluid from the Circulatory system
To allow negative air pressure to build up for inhalation
To give the ribs room to expand during exhalation
To serve as a passageway for blood vessels
To serve as a passageway for blood vessels
What is represented by the linea alba?
A superficial layer of muscles forming the lateral abdominal walls
A transverse band that separates the abdominal wall in half
A fibrous band that encloses the rectus abdominis muscles
A thoracic layer of connective tissue that enables rib expansion
A fibrous band that encloses the rectus abdominis muscles
Which of the following abdominal muscles would be most useful during childbirth?
Transversus abdominus
External obliques
Rectus abdominis
Quadratus lumborum
Transversus abdominus
What is the difference between the Peritoneum and the Perineum?
The perineum includes the external genitals and anus
The perineum encloses the lungs as a protective mesentery
The peritoneum is found in the thoracic cavity
The peritoneum is found in the cranial cavity
The perineum includes the external genitals and anus
The _____ is the most important muscle of the pelvic floor, as it functions to support the pelvic viscera and aid in defecation
Perineum
Pubic rami
Urethrovaginalis
Levator ani
Levator ani
The muscle that is the prime mover of inhalation and exhalation is the:
Diaphragm
Ischio-cavernosus
Levator ani
Ischiococcygeus
Diaphragm
What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?
To keep filtrate from leaving the renal pelvis in the kidneys
The maintain osmolarity of the urine
To stimulate the ureters to release urine into the bladder
To compress the urethra voluntarily during urination
To compress the urethra voluntarily during urination
The movement of turning the hand so the palm is facing anteriorly is called:
Supination
Eversion
Rotation
Pronation
Supination
The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate in the:
Fingertips
Elbow
Shoulder
Forearm
Forearm
The movement of shrugging the shoulder originates in which of the following muscles?
Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Trapezius
The prime mover that creates the motion of lifting the arms upwards is the:
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Scapularis
Brachialis
Deltoid
Moving the thumb to touch the fingertips of the phalanges is termed:
Opposition
Synergy
Abduction
Hyperflexion
Opposition
Flexion of the arms involves the action of which of the following?
Pronator teres
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Supinator
Biceps brachii
One of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body is this muscle, which is used to lower the knee and move the thigh back, as when getting ready to kick a ball
Gluteus maximus
Iliacus
Psoas major
Tensor fascia lata
Gluteus maximus
The gastrocnemius muscle can be characterized as:
The largest muscle in the lower back
The muscle group supporting the head and neck
The most superficial and visible calf muscle
The most important muscle in terms of stabilizing the ankles
The most superficial and visible calf muscle
The Fibularis longus and Fibularis brevis give the body the ability to:
Lower the sole of the foot to the ground when jumping
Both flex and evert the lower legs at the patella/knee
Lift the leg off the ground at the knee
Raise the big toe anteriorly
Lower the sole of the foot to the ground when jumping
Movement of the toes downward, as seen in dancers such as ballerinas, is termed:
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Rotation
Eversion
Plantar flexion
The muscles that move the femur originate at which of the following?
At the tibia and fibula
Lower lumbar area
The pelvic girdle
The patella
The pelvic girdle
Which of the following is responsible for supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Lumbricals
Plantar aponeurosis
When a muscle atrophies, which of the following occurs?
The number of muscle fibers decreases
Muscle tone and flexibility both increase
The number of sarcomeres and myofibrils decrease
Muscle strength increases
The number of sarcomeres and myofibrils decrease
The form of glucose stored in muscle tissue that can be metabolized for ATP generation is:
Glycogen
Starch
Pyruvate
Citrate
Glycogen
Muscle contraction is initiated by release of the neurotransmitter:
Serotonin
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
An abductor muscle is one that:
Moves a body part away from the midline
Is tiny and lifts a body part upwards
Moves a body part downwards towards the feet
Is on a hand or foot appendage
Moves a body part away from the midline
The prefix “bi” as used in the naming of the biceps brachii means that:
The muscle has two origins
The muscle uses two ligaments
The muscle is innervated by two motor neurons
The muscle is capable of two directions of movement
The muscle has two origins
Which of the following is not involved in the contraction of smooth muscle?
Calmodulin
Troponin
Myosin
Actin
Troponin
Skeletal muscle is innervated by:
Somatic motor neurons
Systemic motor neurons
Efferent sensory neurons
Afferent sensory neurons
Somatic motor neurons
Joint stability is achieved by small, constant adjustments of which muscle type?
Smooth
Visceral
Cardiac
Skeletal
Skeletal