SC154 Unit 4 Flashcards

Which types of muscle can respond to hormonal signals from the Endocrine System?

Cardiac and smooth muscle

Smooth and striated muscle

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

Smooth and skeletal muscle

Which type of muscle produces steady, peristaltic contractions that allow substances (ie food in the digestive tract) to move throughout the body?

peritoneal skeletal muscle

diaphragmatic striated muscle

visceral smooth muscle

thoracic cardiac muscle

Muscle contraction depends on the action of actin and myosin in response to ____ ions.

Sodium

Calcium

Magnesium

Potassium

The ability of cardiac muscle to contract in a wave-like pattern and function as a pump is due to:

Intercalated discs

Mitochondria

Hormones

Myoglobin

Dilation and constriction of blood vessels relies on the action of:

Striated muscle

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

In the Sliding Filament Model of muscle contraction, what happens to the A band during this process?

It increases in width

It decreases in width

It stays the same width

It initially increases, then decreases in width

What are the products of ATP hydrolyzation?

ATP and ADP

ADP and Phosphate

ATP and Phosphate

ATP cannot be hydrolyzed

Muscle fatigue occurs as ______ increases in concentration in the muscle tissues.

Lactic acid

Hyaluronic acid

Hydrochloric acid

Fatty acids

What type of molecule is myoglobin?

Lipid

Nucleic acid

Carbohydrate

Protein

When a muscle atrophies, which of the following occurs?

Muscle strength increases

The number of sarcomeres and myofibrils decrease

The number of muscle fibers decreases

Muscle tone and flexibility both increase

Isotonic contractions differ from isometric contractions in that:

They are common names for the same type of muscle movement

Isometric contractions increase the angle of a skeletal muscle joint

Isotonic contractions increase the tension in the muscle

Isometric contractions do not move a load

The size of a motor unit is dependent on:

The amount of muscle tension required

All motor units are the same size

The angle of the joint of the skeletal muscles involved

The number of motor neurons

In terms of isotonic contractions, a concentric contraction is defined by:

The shortening of a muscle to move a load

Keeping the angle of a skeletal muscle joint stable while the muscle contracts

The lengthening of a muscle to move a load

The increase in the angle of a skeletal muscle joint

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Muscle tone during sleep or rest creates complete tetanus

Muscle tone is always maintained in the body to stabilize joints and maintain posture

Muscle tone decreases with skeletal movement

Muscle tone decreases to zero when the body is at rest

What is meant by a muscle “twitch”?

An isolated contraction caused by a single action potential from a motor neuron

A group of intense contractions caused by a motor unit in the smooth muscle

A hormonal cascade from the Endocrine system resulting in a new muscle innervation

Muscle fibers contracting in a wave-like motion as they continue through a limb

Fast oxidative muscle fiber cells contain more _____ due to their need for consistent ATP production.

Nuclei

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Aerobic respiration requires ______ in order to produce ATP.

Carbon dioxide and glucagon

Oxygen and glucose

Hydrogen and oxygen

Glucose and glucagon

What happens to muscle fibers with increased resistance exercise and training?

They increase in thickness due to increased formation of myofibrils

They show hypotrophy due to reduction in muscle mass

There is a decrease in the number of FG fibers

There is an overall decrease in the number of sarcomeres

Which of the following types of muscle fibers fatigues the fastest?

Fast oxidative fibers

Slow oxidative fibers

Slow glycolytic fibers

Fast glycolytic fibers

What has to occur in order to increase muscle mass when weight-training?

Training sessions have to increase the amount of weight lifted over time

The weights have to be varied each session to ensure a wide range of values

A week or more has to pass between weight lifting sessions during training

The weights have to steadily decrease in amount over successive sessions

A group of muscle fibers bundled by connective tissue as a unit within the muscle tissue is termed a(n):

Fascicle

Perimysium

Sphincter

Fascia

Superficial muscles differ from deep in that:

Superficial muscles have more connections to the skeletal system

Superficial muscles are located closer to the skin

Deep muscles are exposed to the outer surface of the body

Deep muscles contain less surface area overall

A muscle's origin is:

The junction of a muscle with its associated tendons and ligaments

The attachment site to the skeleton which does not move during contraction

The place where the skeleton is pulled by the muscle during contraction

The location where a muscle is innervated by the nervous system

A muscle characterized by having widespread expansion with fascicles joining at a single, common attachment point is termed:

Pennate

Pinnate

Convergent

Parallel

The prefix “quad” as used in naming the quadriceps muscle means that:

It is one of a group of four muscles in that location

It uses four motor neurons to achieve movement

It is connected to four different bones of the skeletal system

It has four potential directions of movement

Dilation and constriction of blood vessels relies on the action of:

Striated muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original length when relaxed is due to:

Elasticity

Extensibility

Excitability

Contractility

Which types of muscle can respond to hormonal signals from the Endocrine System?

Smooth and skeletal muscle

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

Cardiac and smooth muscle

Smooth and striated muscle

Skeletal muscle is unique from other muscle types (cardiac, smooth) in that it can only be contracted functionally is through:

Effectors

Hormone stimulation

Endocrine target organs

Nervous stimulation

The cytoplasm found in muscle cells is termed:

Chondroplasm

Sarcoplasm

Myoplasm

Somatoplasm

The striations seen in skeletal muscle are created by the particular arrangement of filaments of:

Cysteine and glycine

Glutamine and glutamic acid

Actin and myosin

Fibrin and fibrinogen

What is meant by “Fibrosis”?

Smooth muscle regeneration in the blood vessels

Muscle tissue growth due to the action of myofibrils

Significant damage to muscle tissue causes replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue

Increased fiber intake that aids in elimination of waste in muscle tissues

Sarcopenia is caused by:

Muscle tone and elasticity increases from isotonic muscle contractions

Muscle atrophy due to the aging process and accompanying loss of muscle fibers

Increased resistance to disease and atrophy from strength training

Increase in muscle mass due to repair after significant injury

Why is it important to ensure muscles are exercised continuously, even when damaged or atrophied?

Exercise decreases blood flow to the skeletal muscles

Injured muscles produce more oxygen for the body

Muscle tissue requires exercise to produce protein

Non-used muscle tissue eventually becomes necrotic

Muscle cells are replaced by _____ as they degenerate and die.

Adipose and endothelial tissue

Connective and epithelial tissue

Connective and adipose tissue

Neural and epithelial tissue

What is the function of satellite cells?

To repair skeletal muscle cells and facilitate growth

To generate new muscle linkages to the nervous system

To break down injured or dead muscle tissue

To make connections between smooth and skeletal muscle

Muscle tissue in the body arises from which embryonic layer?

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Myoderm

Mesoderm

A reduction in the size of motor units as we age also results in:

Increased muscle tension and more smooth muscle innervation

Increased muscle stimulation and increased skeletal muscle innervation

Decreased muscle stimulation and a decrease in muscle tension

Decreased muscle innervation and increased muscle tension

The origin of the facial muscle responsible for smiling is the:

Maxilla

Zygomatic bone

Occipital bone

Frontal bone

The prime mover of the facial muscle that is responsible for flaring of the nostrils is the:

Occipito-frontalis

Corrugator supercilii

Nasalis

Levator labii superioris

The facial muscle that moves the lips is called the:

Orbicularis oculi

Epicranial aponeurosis

Orbicularis oris

Occipitofrontalis

The muscle responsible for rotating and tilting the head both side-to-side and forwards is called the:

Erector spinae

Transversospinales

Sternocleido-mastoid

Splenius cervicis

In order to drink through a straw, what prime mover facial muscle must be used?

Mentalis

Buccinator

Depressor angulus oris

Depressor labii inferioris

The act of deglutition is also known as:

Coughing

Swallowing

Speaking

Laughing

What is the function of the caval opening in the diaphragm?

To collect excess interstitial fluid from the Circulatory system

To allow negative air pressure to build up for inhalation

To give the ribs room to expand during exhalation

To serve as a passageway for blood vessels

What is represented by the linea alba?

A superficial layer of muscles forming the lateral abdominal walls

A transverse band that separates the abdominal wall in half

A fibrous band that encloses the rectus abdominis muscles

A thoracic layer of connective tissue that enables rib expansion

Which of the following abdominal muscles would be most useful during childbirth?

Transversus abdominus

External obliques

Rectus abdominis

Quadratus lumborum

What is the difference between the Peritoneum and the Perineum?

The perineum includes the external genitals and anus

The perineum encloses the lungs as a protective mesentery

The peritoneum is found in the thoracic cavity

The peritoneum is found in the cranial cavity

The _____ is the most important muscle of the pelvic floor, as it functions to support the pelvic viscera and aid in defecation

Perineum

Pubic rami

Urethrovaginalis

Levator ani

The muscle that is the prime mover of inhalation and exhalation is the:

Diaphragm

Ischio-cavernosus

Levator ani

Ischiococcygeus

What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?

To keep filtrate from leaving the renal pelvis in the kidneys

The maintain osmolarity of the urine

To stimulate the ureters to release urine into the bladder

To compress the urethra voluntarily during urination

The movement of turning the hand so the palm is facing anteriorly is called:

Supination

Eversion

Rotation

Pronation

The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate in the:

Fingertips

Elbow

Shoulder

Forearm

The movement of shrugging the shoulder originates in which of the following muscles?

Trapezius

Rhomboid minor

Subclavius

Pectoralis minor

The prime mover that creates the motion of lifting the arms upwards is the:

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Scapularis

Brachialis

Moving the thumb to touch the fingertips of the phalanges is termed:

Opposition

Synergy

Abduction

Hyperflexion

Flexion of the arms involves the action of which of the following?

Pronator teres

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Supinator

One of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body is this muscle, which is used to lower the knee and move the thigh back, as when getting ready to kick a ball

Gluteus maximus

Iliacus

Psoas major

Tensor fascia lata

The gastrocnemius muscle can be characterized as:

The largest muscle in the lower back

The muscle group supporting the head and neck

The most superficial and visible calf muscle

The most important muscle in terms of stabilizing the ankles

The Fibularis longus and Fibularis brevis give the body the ability to:

Lower the sole of the foot to the ground when jumping

Both flex and evert the lower legs at the patella/knee

Lift the leg off the ground at the knee

Raise the big toe anteriorly

Movement of the toes downward, as seen in dancers such as ballerinas, is termed:

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Rotation

Eversion

The muscles that move the femur originate at which of the following?

At the tibia and fibula

Lower lumbar area

The pelvic girdle

The patella

Which of the following is responsible for supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot?

Plantar aponeurosis

Extensor digitorum brevis

Abductor hallucis

Lumbricals

When a muscle atrophies, which of the following occurs?

The number of muscle fibers decreases

Muscle tone and flexibility both increase

The number of sarcomeres and myofibrils decrease

Muscle strength increases

The form of glucose stored in muscle tissue that can be metabolized for ATP generation is:

Glycogen

Starch

Pyruvate

Citrate

Muscle contraction is initiated by release of the neurotransmitter:

Serotonin

Epinephrine

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

An abductor muscle is one that:

Moves a body part away from the midline

Is tiny and lifts a body part upwards

Moves a body part downwards towards the feet

Is on a hand or foot appendage

The prefix “bi” as used in the naming of the biceps brachii means that:

The muscle has two origins

The muscle uses two ligaments

The muscle is innervated by two motor neurons

The muscle is capable of two directions of movement

Which of the following is not involved in the contraction of smooth muscle?

Calmodulin

Troponin

Myosin

Actin

Skeletal muscle is innervated by:

Somatic motor neurons

Systemic motor neurons

Efferent sensory neurons

Afferent sensory neurons

Joint stability is achieved by small, constant adjustments of which muscle type?

Smooth

Visceral

Cardiac

Skeletal