How many years ago did life begin on earth?

3.5 billion years ago

5,000 years ago

You call this life?

3.5 million years ago

3.5 billion years ago

Who is the father of microbiology and showed that spontaneous generation of life was false?

Louis Pasteur

Louis Armstrong

Antoine Von Leeuwenhoek

Linus Pauling

Louis Pasteur

Small self-replicating circular DNA molecules that can produce antibiotic resistance are called _______.

Inclusion bodies

Plasmids

Chromosomes

Ribosomes

Plasmids

Who is credited with developing the “Scientific Method”?

Carl Woesse

Robert Koch

Louis Pasteur

Linus Pauling

Robert Koch

The chromosome of a Bacterium contains?

RNA

Circular DNA

Phospholipids

Lipopolysaccharides

Circular DNA

Which of the following is NOT a sequence in the infection cycle of a virus?

Synthesis

Mitosis

Attachment

Release

Mitosis

This organelle is responsible for protein modifications (glycosylation) and packaging proteins for the membrane and secretion pathways.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Centrosome

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

Cell membranes of eukaryotic cells contain which of the following?

Amino acid cross-linkages

Glycocalyx

A sterol molecule like cholesterol

Peptidoglycan

A sterol molecule like cholesterol

How does a Lytic Virus get released from its host cell?

Phagocytosis

Teleportation

Ruptures cell membrane

Exocytosis

Ruptures cell membrane

All the following are nucleic acids found in viruses EXCEPT?

(+) Strand DNA

(-) Strand RNA

Double Stranded DNA

(+) Strand RNA

(+) Strand DNA

What does the abbreviation RNA mean?

Ribonucleic acid

Ribonuclear acid

Royal Nerd Academy

Robonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid

Which of the following Eukaryotic structures contains DNA and Histones?

Plasmid

Chromosome

Flagella

Ribosome

Chromosome

Which of the following best describes the relationship between a particular virus and its host?

Any virus us capable of infecting any cell

A virus has a narrow range of species that it can infect specific to key membrane receptors.

RNA viruses can infect all mammalian cells.

DNA viruses are specific to humans.

A virus has a narrow range of species that it can infect specific to key membrane receptors.

What type of nucleic acid does an infectious virus of the retrovirus HIV contain?

Prion

DNA and RNA

DNA

RNA

RNA

Which of the following is an outer membrane derived from the infected host?

Flagella

Virus membrane

Envelope

DNA

Envelope

Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the __________ energy.

chemical

activation

bond

kinetic

activation

When an E. Coli cell contains high levels of lactose, the lactose will bind with the ___.
RNA polymerase

repressor

operator

promoter

repressor

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

3

5

2

1

2

Which of the following is the strongest base pair?

adenine-uracil

adenine-thymine

guanine-thymine

guanine-cytosine

guanine-cytosine

Which of the following processes requires contact between donor and recipient cells?

conjugation

transcription

transformation

transduction

conjugation

A plasmid is a/an _____.

molecule that carries the genetic message of the chromosomal DNA

chromosomal site to which genetic activity can be traced

body found in the cytoplasm that directs protein synthesis

extrachromosomal piece of DNA that can self-replicate

extrachromosomal piece of DNA that can self-replicate

The AUG codon functions in coding for the amino acid methionine and as a

marker for introns

start signal

termination signal

"wobble" codon

start signal

Messenger RNA:

contains uracil instead of thymine

is synthesized using the enzyme ligase

is found only in prokaryotes

is formed in the ribosome

contains uracil instead of thymine

Proteins are synthesized from which of the following?

Fats

Sugar residues

Amino acids

Nucleotides

Amino acids

Translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes occurs within what enzyme complex?

Ribosome

DNA polymerase

Spliceosome

RNA polymerase

Ribosome

Diseases acquired in hospital settings are known as ____________.

noninfectious diseases

zoonotic diseases

iatrogenic diseases

nosocomial diseases

nosocomial diseases

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease which is an example of a ____________ disease.

noninfectious

nosocomial

infectious

iatrogenic

noninfectious

Diseases that are constantly present at a low level in a population within a particular geographic region are called ____________ diseases.

Pandemic

Sporadic

Epidemic

Endemic

Endemic

What does the R in TORCH stand for?

Rabies

Ricketts

Rubella

Rash

Rubella

How does penicillin kill bacteria?.

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Inhibit protein synthesis

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Disrupt membranes

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Which type of organism cannot survive exposure to or use of oxygen?

Microaerophile

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Obligate anaerobe

Obligate aerobe

Obligate anaerobe

In which phase of the growth curve do bacteria divide fastest?

Log

Lag

Stationary

Death

Log

What is the most common mechanism of cell replication in bacteria called?

Conjugation

Transduction

Transformation

Binary fission

Binary fission

Imidazole antifungal drugs like, ketoconazole and miconazole work by interrupting ________

biosynthesis.

Chitin

Peptidoglycan

Ergosterol

Cholesterol

Ergosterol

A patient capable of transmitting a pathogen without displaying symptoms is a(an) ______.

Asymptomatic carrier

Symptomatic carrier

Fomite

Passive carrier

Asymptomatic carrier

Which of the following has microorganisms growing with no added nutrients or waste removal?

Bubble culture

Closed culture

Transitional culture

Continuous culture

Closed culture

What method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe?

Disk-diffusion assay

Pharmacological assay

Chromatography

Fluorescence assay

Disk-diffusion assay

A healthcare professional who fails to wash his hands after seeing a patient harboring an infectious agent could become a(an) ____________.

asymptomatic carrier

passive carrier

symptomatic carrier

active carrier

passive carrier

Chemical agents that kill microbes and are safe to use on the human body are called ______.

Biologics

Disinfectants

Sterilants

Antiseptics

Antiseptics

Bactericidal drugs do what?

Kill pathogens only

Enhance the growth of bacteria

Kill their target bacteria

Cause reversible inhibition of the growth of bacteria

Kill their target bacteria

During bacterial reproduction, cytokinesis and cell division are directed by what protein?

FtsZ

SRY

CFTR

RHO

FtsZ

Most bacterial cells divide into two equal new cells by __________.

Budding

Binary fission

Snap division

Sporulation

Binary fission

Nonpathogenic bacteria can be grown in what biosafety level lab?

BSL-4

BSL-1

BSL-3

BSL-2

BSL-1

Antiviral drugs mainly target what?

Nucleic acid synthesis

Cell wall synthesis

Cholesterol synthesis

Protein synthesis

Nucleic acid synthesis

Which of the following pH classifications of microbes prefer a pH of 4.5?

Basophile

Acidophile

Neutrophile

Alkaliphile

Acidophile

What is the state of being diseased called?

Pathogenicity

Virulence

Morbidity

Mortality

Morbidity

The generation time for bacteria is also called the ________ time.

Binary

Doubling

Reproduction

Synthesis

Doubling

Influenza is an example of a/an _________ disease, since

larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region.

Epidemic

Pandemic

Endemic

Sporadic

Epidemic

Which of the following is a machine used to heat sterilize medical equipment?

Sonicator

Desiccator

Autoclave

Freezer

Autoclave

Which is NOT a common portal of entry of microbial agents in humans?

Mouth

Urethra

Liver

Nose

Liver