How many years ago did life begin on earth?
3.5 billion years ago
5,000 years ago
You call this life?
3.5 million years ago
3.5 billion years ago
Who is the father of microbiology and showed that spontaneous generation of life was false?
Louis Pasteur
Louis Armstrong
Antoine Von Leeuwenhoek
Linus Pauling
Louis Pasteur
Small self-replicating circular DNA molecules that can produce antibiotic resistance are called _______.
Inclusion bodies
Plasmids
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Who is credited with developing the “Scientific Method”?
Carl Woesse
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur
Linus Pauling
Robert Koch
The chromosome of a Bacterium contains?
RNA
Circular DNA
Phospholipids
Lipopolysaccharides
Circular DNA
Which of the following is NOT a sequence in the infection cycle of a virus?
Synthesis
Mitosis
Attachment
Release
Mitosis
This organelle is responsible for protein modifications (glycosylation) and packaging proteins for the membrane and secretion pathways.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Centrosome
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Cell membranes of eukaryotic cells contain which of the following?
Amino acid cross-linkages
Glycocalyx
A sterol molecule like cholesterol
Peptidoglycan
A sterol molecule like cholesterol
How does a Lytic Virus get released from its host cell?
Phagocytosis
Teleportation
Ruptures cell membrane
Exocytosis
Ruptures cell membrane
All the following are nucleic acids found in viruses EXCEPT?
(+) Strand DNA
(-) Strand RNA
Double Stranded DNA
(+) Strand RNA
(+) Strand DNA
What does the abbreviation RNA mean?
Ribonucleic acid
Ribonuclear acid
Royal Nerd Academy
Robonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
Which of the following Eukaryotic structures contains DNA and Histones?
Plasmid
Chromosome
Flagella
Ribosome
Chromosome
Which of the following best describes the relationship between a particular virus and its host?
Any virus us capable of infecting any cell
A virus has a narrow range of species that it can infect specific to key membrane receptors.
RNA viruses can infect all mammalian cells.
DNA viruses are specific to humans.
A virus has a narrow range of species that it can infect specific to key membrane receptors.
What type of nucleic acid does an infectious virus of the retrovirus HIV contain?
Prion
DNA and RNA
DNA
RNA
RNA
Which of the following is an outer membrane derived from the infected host?
Flagella
Virus membrane
Envelope
DNA
Envelope
Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the __________ energy.
chemical
activation
bond
kinetic
activation
When an E. Coli cell contains high levels of lactose, the lactose
will bind with the ___.
RNA polymerase
repressor
operator
promoter
repressor
How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?
3
5
2
1
2
Which of the following is the strongest base pair?
adenine-uracil
adenine-thymine
guanine-thymine
guanine-cytosine
guanine-cytosine
Which of the following processes requires contact between donor and recipient cells?
conjugation
transcription
transformation
transduction
conjugation
A plasmid is a/an _____.
molecule that carries the genetic message of the chromosomal DNA
chromosomal site to which genetic activity can be traced
body found in the cytoplasm that directs protein synthesis
extrachromosomal piece of DNA that can self-replicate
extrachromosomal piece of DNA that can self-replicate
The AUG codon functions in coding for the amino acid methionine and as a
marker for introns
start signal
termination signal
"wobble" codon
start signal
Messenger RNA:
contains uracil instead of thymine
is synthesized using the enzyme ligase
is found only in prokaryotes
is formed in the ribosome
contains uracil instead of thymine
Proteins are synthesized from which of the following?
Fats
Sugar residues
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Amino acids
Translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes occurs within what enzyme complex?
Ribosome
DNA polymerase
Spliceosome
RNA polymerase
Ribosome
Diseases acquired in hospital settings are known as ____________.
noninfectious diseases
zoonotic diseases
iatrogenic diseases
nosocomial diseases
nosocomial diseases
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease which is an example of a ____________ disease.
noninfectious
nosocomial
infectious
iatrogenic
noninfectious
Diseases that are constantly present at a low level in a population within a particular geographic region are called ____________ diseases.
Pandemic
Sporadic
Epidemic
Endemic
Endemic
What does the R in TORCH stand for?
Rabies
Ricketts
Rubella
Rash
Rubella
How does penicillin kill bacteria?.
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Disrupt membranes
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Which type of organism cannot survive exposure to or use of oxygen?
Microaerophile
Aerotolerant anaerobe
Obligate anaerobe
Obligate aerobe
Obligate anaerobe
In which phase of the growth curve do bacteria divide fastest?
Log
Lag
Stationary
Death
Log
What is the most common mechanism of cell replication in bacteria called?
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
Binary fission
Binary fission
Imidazole antifungal drugs like, ketoconazole and miconazole work by interrupting ________
biosynthesis.
Chitin
Peptidoglycan
Ergosterol
Cholesterol
Ergosterol
A patient capable of transmitting a pathogen without displaying symptoms is a(an) ______.
Asymptomatic carrier
Symptomatic carrier
Fomite
Passive carrier
Asymptomatic carrier
Which of the following has microorganisms growing with no added nutrients or waste removal?
Bubble culture
Closed culture
Transitional culture
Continuous culture
Closed culture
What method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe?
Disk-diffusion assay
Pharmacological assay
Chromatography
Fluorescence assay
Disk-diffusion assay
A healthcare professional who fails to wash his hands after seeing a patient harboring an infectious agent could become a(an) ____________.
asymptomatic carrier
passive carrier
symptomatic carrier
active carrier
passive carrier
Chemical agents that kill microbes and are safe to use on the human body are called ______.
Biologics
Disinfectants
Sterilants
Antiseptics
Antiseptics
Bactericidal drugs do what?
Kill pathogens only
Enhance the growth of bacteria
Kill their target bacteria
Cause reversible inhibition of the growth of bacteria
Kill their target bacteria
During bacterial reproduction, cytokinesis and cell division are directed by what protein?
FtsZ
SRY
CFTR
RHO
FtsZ
Most bacterial cells divide into two equal new cells by __________.
Budding
Binary fission
Snap division
Sporulation
Binary fission
Nonpathogenic bacteria can be grown in what biosafety level lab?
BSL-4
BSL-1
BSL-3
BSL-2
BSL-1
Antiviral drugs mainly target what?
Nucleic acid synthesis
Cell wall synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
Protein synthesis
Nucleic acid synthesis
Which of the following pH classifications of microbes prefer a pH of 4.5?
Basophile
Acidophile
Neutrophile
Alkaliphile
Acidophile
What is the state of being diseased called?
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Morbidity
Mortality
Morbidity
The generation time for bacteria is also called the ________ time.
Binary
Doubling
Reproduction
Synthesis
Doubling
Influenza is an example of a/an _________ disease, since
larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region.
Epidemic
Pandemic
Endemic
Sporadic
Epidemic
Which of the following is a machine used to heat sterilize medical equipment?
Sonicator
Desiccator
Autoclave
Freezer
Autoclave
Which is NOT a common portal of entry of microbial agents in humans?
Mouth
Urethra
Liver
Nose
Liver