D-monosaccharides penultimate carbon has its OH on the _______. While L-monosaccharides penultimate carbon has its OH on the _________

D-right , L-left

What are enantiomers?

Stereoisomers that are mirror images ( D and L configuration )

What are diastereomers?

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images

What are epimers?

Diastereomers that only differ by 1 carbon

The alpha OH is ______ the ring. The beta OH is ______ the ring

Alpha=> ants => down (trans)

Beta => birds => up (cis)

What are the steps to drawing a Haworth structure from a Fischer projection?

1) Number the carbons

2) Turn the backbone 90 degrees sidewways. (Right= down)(Left=up)

3) Cyclize it by connecting the O to the C=O (Turn the 4th carbon H and OH gets switched)

4) Pick any anomer

What reduces an aldehyde to alcohol (alditol)?

NaBH4

What is Sorbitol?

It is in foods like prunes and cherries and acts like a laxative because it absorbs a lot of water.

What is Xylitol?

In gum. Helps oral biome of those who chew it and also transfers to the fetus if a pregnant mother chews it

What is the Maillard Reaction?

Carmelization. Sugar is oxidized and protein is reduced by heat

Reducing Sugars

Aldehyde oxidized to carboylic acid (1/3 alpha anomer)(2/3 beta anomer)

What happens when blood sugar is high for a while?

Allows glucose to enter red blood cells. Hemoglobin gets glycosylated (HbA1c or A1c). Lessens oxygen delivery increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, renal (kidney) failure or damage to small blood vessels and nerves.

What is formed by the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP

Phosphoester

What does you call two or more monosaccharides connected by an O-glycosidic bond?

Oligosaccharides which is formed by condensation

5-8% of this sugar is in human milk, 4-5% in cow's milk.

D-galactose + D-glucose joined by a Beta (1->4) glycosidic bond

And is cleaved by ________

Lactose and is cleaved by lactase

This sugar is D-glucose + D-glucose joined by an alpha (1->4) glycosidic bond

Is cleaved by _________

Maltose and is cleaved by Maltase

This table sugar from sugar cane and sugar beets are made by D-glucose + D- fructose joined by an alpha (1->2) glycosidic bond

This is cleaved by ________

Sucrose and is cleaved by Sucrase

What are some examples of disaccharides?

Lactose, Maltose, and Sucrose

What are some examples of polysaccharides

Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen