D-monosaccharides penultimate carbon has its OH on the _______. While L-monosaccharides penultimate carbon has its OH on the _________
D-right , L-left
What are enantiomers?
Stereoisomers that are mirror images ( D and L configuration )
What are diastereomers?
Stereoisomers that are not mirror images
What are epimers?
Diastereomers that only differ by 1 carbon
The alpha OH is ______ the ring. The beta OH is ______ the ring
Alpha=> ants => down (trans)
Beta => birds => up (cis)
What are the steps to drawing a Haworth structure from a Fischer projection?
1) Number the carbons
2) Turn the backbone 90 degrees sidewways. (Right= down)(Left=up)
3) Cyclize it by connecting the O to the C=O (Turn the 4th carbon H and OH gets switched)
4) Pick any anomer
What reduces an aldehyde to alcohol (alditol)?
NaBH4
What is Sorbitol?
It is in foods like prunes and cherries and acts like a laxative because it absorbs a lot of water.
What is Xylitol?
In gum. Helps oral biome of those who chew it and also transfers to the fetus if a pregnant mother chews it
What is the Maillard Reaction?
Carmelization. Sugar is oxidized and protein is reduced by heat
Reducing Sugars
Aldehyde oxidized to carboylic acid (1/3 alpha anomer)(2/3 beta anomer)
What happens when blood sugar is high for a while?
Allows glucose to enter red blood cells. Hemoglobin gets glycosylated (HbA1c or A1c). Lessens oxygen delivery increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, renal (kidney) failure or damage to small blood vessels and nerves.
What is formed by the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP
Phosphoester
What does you call two or more monosaccharides connected by an O-glycosidic bond?
Oligosaccharides which is formed by condensation
5-8% of this sugar is in human milk, 4-5% in cow's milk.
D-galactose + D-glucose joined by a Beta (1->4) glycosidic bond
And is cleaved by ________
Lactose and is cleaved by lactase
This sugar is D-glucose + D-glucose joined by an alpha (1->4) glycosidic bond
Is cleaved by _________
Maltose and is cleaved by Maltase
This table sugar from sugar cane and sugar beets are made by D-glucose + D- fructose joined by an alpha (1->2) glycosidic bond
This is cleaved by ________
Sucrose and is cleaved by Sucrase
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Lactose, Maltose, and Sucrose
What are some examples of polysaccharides
Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen