Understanding the Self
Sexual desire
Emotional and motivational state characterized byal an interest in sexual objects or activities
Sexual desire
It is an aspect of sexuality, which varies significantly from one person to another and also fluctuates depending on circumstances
Sexual desire
It is subjective feeling wanting yo engage in sex.
Sexual desire
It is sometime, but not always, accompanied by genital arousal.
Testosterone
Vital hormone produced by the testicle in men.
Testosterone
It plays a crucial role in the development of male characteristics, sex drive, and overall health.
Estrogen and progesterone
A primary female sex hormone, also influence sexual drive in women
Psychological factors that can influence q the libido
History of trauma, bad body image, anxiety and depression, and quality of the relationship
History of trauma
Lead to avoidance in sexual activity, due to feeling of anxiety, fear, and shame.
Bad body image
Individual has a negative self talk about their body.
Anxiety and depression
Lead to decreased interest in sex or intimate activities due to feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and low self estem.
Quality of relationship
When you feel disconnected to our partner it's probably diffucult to be sexually interested in that person
Limbic system stuctures
Amygdala and nicleus accumbens
Amygdala
Integrative center for emotion, emotional behavior, and motivation
Nucleus accumbens
Also refers as a pleasure center
Nucleus accumbens
Significant role in response to reward and reinforcing effect translating emotional stimulus into behaviors
Diversity
Brlieft that differences among people are accepted and celebrated rather than viewed as resources of seperation
Sexual behavior
Encompasses all activities which gratify an individual's sexual needs
Gender identity
It refers to one's sense of being male or female
Sexual orientation
A person's emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual
Pansexual
In refers to a person who is emotionally, physically, and sexually attracted to anyone regardless of their sex or gender identity
Asexual
It refers to a person who is not physicalluly and sexually attracted to anyone but has the same emotional needs as everybody
Heterosexual
People are sexually attracted to people of opposite sex
LGBTQ+
Is an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of elgender identities, sexual orientation, and romantic orientation
Lesbian
Females who are exclusively attacted to women
Gay
Refers to male who are exclusively attracted to any other males.
Gay
It can alaso refer to anyone who is attracted to his or her same gender
Transgender
Umbrella term for people who do not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth
Queer
Useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure about using more specific terms,
Queer
Those who simply do not witsh to label themselves and prefer to use a broader umbrella term
+The plus
Signify that many identitirs are not explicitly represented by the letters
Sex
It is a label, male or female that were assigned by the doctors at birth based on the genitals you're born with.
Gender
The relation between men and women, both perceptual and material
Gender
Not determined biologically, as a result of sexual charachteristics of either women or men but is constructed socially
Classification of gender identity
Type101: Cisgender, Type102: Transgender, Type103: Non binary
Cisgender
Gender matches their assigned sex at birth
Transgender
Identify themselves as something that does not match sex
Non binary identity
Neither exclusively male or female
Gender expression
Refers to how people physically and socially demonstrste and present your gender identity publicly
Classification of gender expression
Musculine, feminine, androgynous, and gender non conforming
Sexual response
refers to the physiological and psychological changes that occur in the body during sexual arousal and activity.
Sexual response
It encompasses a range of physical and emotional processes that are involved in achieving and experiencing sexual pleasure.
Sexual response cycle
Excitement plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Excitement
can last from a few minutes to several hours
/ Muscle tension increases. /Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated. /Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back). /Nipples become hardened or erect. /Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman's clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man's penis. /Vaginal lubrication begins. /The woman's breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell
General characteristics in phase 1
Phase 2: Plateau
extends to the brink of orgasm.
/The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified. /The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple /The woman's clitoris becomes highly sensitive(may even be painful to touch) and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis /The man's testicles tighten. /Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to increase. /Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands. /Muscle tension increases.
General characteristics in phase w
Phase 3: Orgasm
/The climax of the sexual response cycle.
Phase 3: Orgasm
It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few seconds.
/Involuntary muscle contraction. Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highestrates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. /Muscles in the feet spasm. /There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension /In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. /The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions. /In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen. /A rash, or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.
General characteristics in phase 3
Phase 4: Resolution
In the resolution phase, the body returns to its baseline state, with genital organs reverting to their normal size and color.
Phase 4: Resolution
This phase is marked by a sense of well-being, increased intimacy, and often fatigue.
/Women may quickly return to the orgasm phase and experience multiple orgasms, while men go through a refractory period during which they cannot achieve another orgasm, with the duration of this period generally increasing with age. /Physiological Changes: The body returns to its normal state, with genital organs decreasing in size and color. /Emotional Experience: Characterized by a sense if wellbeing, increased intimacy, and often, fatigue. /For Women: Some may experience multiple orgasms with further stimulation. /For Men: A refractory period occurs, during which they cannot achieve another orgasm. This period varies and tends to lengthen with age.
General characteristics in phase 4
Physiological Changes
The body returns to its normal state, with genital organs decreasing in size and color. Emotional Experience-Characterized by a sense if well-being, increased intimacy, and often, fatigue.
Behavior
Refers the study of how biologic factors influence sexual behaviors and processes.
Genetics
Influences sexual orientation and preference with genetic and environmental interaction Testosterone-Affects libido and sexual characteristics. Estrogen-Regulates sexual desire and reproduction functions. Oxytocin-Involved in bonding and sexual arousal
1. The brain interprets nerve impulses from the skin as pleasurable sensations. 2. It controls the muscles and nerves involved.in sexual acts. 3. Sexual thoughts and fantasies occur in the cerebral cortex which is also used in reasoning . 4. Emotions are important for sexual behavior and are managed by the limbic system. 5. The brain releases hormones that drives sexual desire.
Roles of the brain in sexual activity
Hypothalamus
is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning.
Oxytocin
Known as "love hormone", it helps maintain close relationships and is released during sexual intercourse.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Promotes ovulation in females and is linked to increase sexual activity during fertility.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
In men, it stimulates testosterone production increasing sexual motivation; in women it regulates the ovaries.
Vasopressin
Plays a role in human arousal phase.
Vasopressin
An increase in vasopressin during an erection is believed to be link to heightened motivation to engaged in sexual behavior.
Estrogen and Progesterone
These hormones regulate sexual motivation in females.
Estrogen
typically increases the drive engage sexual behavior in female.
Progesterone
tends to reduce sexual behavior in female.
Concept of beauty
has been a Significant topic in Western philosophy.
Beauty
One of the ultimate values along with goodness, truth, and justice.
THE TWO MOST
DEBATED VIEWS ABOUT BEAUTY ARE-1. Beauty is objective. 2. Beauty is subjective
ST. AUGUSTINE
“whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful.”
ST. AUGUSTINE
He believed that beauty is an objective quality that exists independently of human perception.
PLATO
Connected beauty as a response to love and desire.
PLATO
Asserted that beauty exists in the Realm of Forms, and that objects are found beautiful because they are a reflection of the idea of beauty that already exist in the realm of forms
ARISTOTLE
Asserted that the chief forms of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be demonstrated by mathematical sciences.
DAVID HUME
“Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty.
DAVID HUME
One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others”
IMMANUEL KANT
“The judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment of cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose determining ground can be no other than subjective”
FRANCIS HUTCHESON
“The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight; however, the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense.“
FRANCIS HUTCHESON
“The same is the case with hearing: hearing music does not necessarily give the perception of harmony as it is distinct from the hearing”
Cognitive bias
An error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or any other mental process that is often a result of holding on to one’s preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information.
Halo effect
also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype and the “what is beautiful is good” principle.
Halo effect
Refers to the tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their personality traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less attractive.
Evolution psychology
Found that faces hold certain fundamental and important characteristics that could indicate a person’s quality as a romantic partner and as a mate.
Evolution psychology
Among the most important and consistent factors in facial attractiveness are structural qualities of the face. These structural qualities are also sex typical.
Male raters found attractive women to have:
Female raters found attractive men to have:
Culture
It has a significant impact on how a person feels about himself or herself as well as his/her body image.
Cultural group membership
People see it as an integral part of who they are.
Cultural group membership
Refers to an individual's sense of belonging to a particular cultural group or community.
Culture
When it is experienced as a personally meaningful activity, it is difficult for a person to resist the conscious and unconscious ways that culture influences a person’s life
William James
He coined the term "self-esteem" in 1800.
Self esteem
number of successes a person achieves in the domains of life that are important to him or her, divided by the number of failures that occurred in those area
Self esteem
In the 1960s, behavioral scientists defined it in terms of an attitude concerning one’s worth as a person
Self esteem
It is about how you value yourself and how you feel others value you.
Self esteem
It is important because it can affect your mental health as well as how you behave.
Body image
Is how you view your physical body, whether you feel you are attractive, andhow you feel some other people like your looks.
Body image
Closely linked to self-esteem.
Beauty
It is, “the degree to which a person’s physical traits are considered pleasing or beautiful.”
Physical beauty standards
It differ from one person to another
Self image problem
It happens when your looks do not match your beauty standards.
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain, occupying the upper portion of the skull.
Thinking (reasoning, planning, problem solving, decision making) Learning and memory Understand spoken and written language Process emotions Receives and interprets sensory information from our eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin. Controls voluntary movements of our muscles
Functions of cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Located at the front of the brain, behind the forehead.
Planning and Decision Making Personality and Emotions Controls voluntary movements Language Production: Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, is crucial for speech production.
Functions of Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Located behind the frontal lobe, towards the top and middle of the brain.
Sensory Integration (including touch, temperature, pain, and pressure. Spatial Awareness: helps us understand our position in space and navigate our surroundings. Language Comprehension
Functions of pearietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Located below the parietal lobe, on the sides of the brain, near the ears.
Hearing: The temporal lobe processes auditory information, allowing us to hear sounds. Retrieving memories Facial Recognition
Functions of temporal lobe
Occipital Lobe
This lobe is located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal and temporal lobes.
Vision: receives and interprets visual information from the eyes. Color Perception: helps us perceive colors. Object Recognition
Function of Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Located at the back of the brain, beneath the cerebrum. It's connected to the brainstem.
Coordination and Balance Motor Learning: The cerebellum helps us learn and refine new movements.
Functions of Cerebellum
Brainstem
Located at the lower part of the brain, connecting thecerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It's located at the base of the skull.
Breathing Heart Rate Sleep
Wake Cycles Digestion Reflexes (coughing, sneezing, and swallowing) - Functions of brainstem
Limbic system
This system includes structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.
Emotions: Limbic system plays a crucial role in processing and regulating emotions. Memory: The hippocampus is essential for forming new memories. Motivation: The hypothalamus regulates basic drives like hunger, thirst, and sex.
Functions of limbic system
Thalamus
It is located deep within the brain, near the center of the cerebrum, beneath the corpus callosum.
Acts as a relay center for sensory information receiving input from the senses (except smell) and sending it to the appropriate areas of the cerebrum for processing regulating sleep and wakefulness.
Functions of thalamus
Hypothalamus:
Location: The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, also deep inside the brain.
Hormone Regulation: influencing growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Body Temperature Hunger and Thirst Sleep
Wake Cycles-Functions of hypothalamus
Amygdala:
Location: The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe, deep inside the brain, near the hippocampus.
Crucial for processing and responding to emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.
Functions of amygdala
Hippocampus
Located in the temporal lobe, also deep inside the brain, near the amygdala.
Vittal for forming new memories and transferring them from short
term to long-term storage. Helps us learn and remember spatial relationships and navigate our environment.-Functions of hippocampus
Cingulate Gyrus
It is a curved structure that sits on top of the corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
Emotional Processing Attention and Decision
Making Pain Perception -Functions of cingulate gyrus
Basal Ganglia
It is a group of structures located deep within the cerebrum, near the thalamus. They are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem.
Movement Control Learning and Habit Formation Cognitive Functions (planning, decision
making, and reward processing)-Functions of Basal ganglia
Pituitary gland
Often referred to as the "master gland", controls the activity of many other endocrine glands.
Thyroid gland
Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
Parathyroid glands
Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood.
Adrenal hormones
Produced by the adrenal glands, which sit atop the kidneys.
Pancreas
produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
Dopamine and norepinephrine
Are the chemicals active during the attraction phase.
Dopamine
Commonly referred to as the “feel good chemical.”
Dopamine
It plays a role as a “reward center”
Dopamine
Creates a sense of unusualness, where the person appears exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the world about his or her admirable qualities.
Norepinephrine/ Noradrenaline
It plays an important role on our “fight or flight”
Norepinephrine/ Noradrenaline
It keeps us alert and it response to our stressful situation.
Norepinephrine/ Noradrenaline
Responsible for your racing heart.
Serotonin
Final hormone associated with attraction.
Serotonin
It regulates various activities, including behavior, mood, memory, appetite, digestion, and sexual desire.
Serotonin
It is believed that serotonin begins to decrease during attraction level
Oxytocin
Referred to as “the love hormone” or “the cuddle hormone”
Oxytocin
Helps us bond with other people.
Oxytocin
Heightens the feeling of calmness, security, and contentment.
Vasopressin
Released directly after the social intercourse of two people.
Vasopressin
Plays a role in social interaction and encourages pair bonding (longterm relationship, monogamy)
Vasopressin
May affect your brain by triggering your neural reward system making you stay with that person
Abstinence Calendar Method Basal Body Temperature Cervical Mucus Method Symptothermal Method Ovulation Detection Coitus Interruptus
Natural methods
Abstinence
The practice of not doing or having something that is wanted or enjoyable
Abstinence
Staying away from sex until marriage or a period of time.
Abstinence
May be due to social, medical, legal, psychological, religious, or moral reason
Calendar Method
Also known as "Rhythum Method. The woman is likely to conceive during her ovulation day.
Calendar method
Used to track the "safe days" of a woman
Calendar method
Its effectiveness is low 30% at most due to a high possibility of miscalculation,
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
To know if the woman has ovulated already by checking her temperature.
Symptothermal Method
The combination of Basal Body Temperature (BRT) and Cervical Mucus Method
Ovulation Detection
A urine test that you can buy over the counter.
Ovulation detection
The fastest and most accurate way of testing for ovulation period.
Coitus Interruptus
Also called "The Withdrawal Method" or "Pull-Out Method
Coitus interruptus
One of the least effective method for contraceptive. This method is about 80% effective. About one in five peaple who rely on the pull-out method for birth control become pregnant
Oral Contraceptives Transdermal Patch Vaginal Ring Subdemal Implants Hormonal Injections Male and Female Condoms Surgical Methods Intrauterine Device Chemical Barriers Diaphragm Cervical Cap
Artificial methods
Oral Contraceptives
Contraceptives are medicines used to prevent pregnancy.
Oral contraceptives
Combination birth control pills keep you from ovulating. This means that the pills keep your ovaries from releasing an egg
Side effects are mood swings, weight gain, ne headaches
Side effects of oral contraceptives
Transdermal Patch
This is the alternative way if you don't want pill or an injection as your contraceptive.
Vaginal Ring
Made out of silicone
Vaginal ring
A hormonal birth control that a winnan wear imide her vagina for 3 weeks and will be removed on the 4th week
Acne, Irregular period, Cramp
Side effect of vaginal ring
Subdermal implants
Are long-term reversible hormonal contraceptives for women. Up to 3 years but can be removed anytime.
Subdermal implants
a small rod about the size of a matchstick that is inserted nudes the skin of a woman's upper
Hormonal Injections
It contains progestogen hormone called depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) usually given once every twelve (12) wricks
Hormonal injection
Cases changes in the endometrium and in the cervical murus. It can pervent ovulation among women.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
It is a small, T-shaped device made of plastic that's placed inside your uterus.
Intrauterine device
Provide long lasting, reliable protection against pregnancy, and they're reversible. Up 5 or 10 years.
Copper IUD and hormonal IUD
Two types of IUD
Chemical Barriers
Creams, foam, jellies w/ spermicide. Easy to use, but high failure rate unless used with a condom or diaphragm
Diaphragm
It is a dome-shaped bowl made of thin, flexible silicone that sits over the cervix, the part of the uterus that opens in the the vagina. It covers the cervix so sperm can't get in and fertilize an egg
Diaphragm
This should be placed before sexual intercourse. This can only be done by a Doctor. This must be used with a spermicide. After 6 hours you should removed it and clean it
Cervical Cap
It is a reusable rubber cup that fits tightly over the cervix.
Cervical cap
It is inserted into the vagina with spermicide before sex to prevent pregnancy.
Cervical caps
are smaller than diaphragms and the shape is a little different. This must be used with a spermicide
Male Condoms
A condom is a thin cover worn on the penis during intercourse. Using a condom will help prevent: Female partners from becoming pregnant. Getting an infection spread through sexual contact, or from giving one to your partner.
Female Condoms
Also called "Internal condoms are little nitrile (soft plastic) pouches that you put imide your vagina. They cover the inside of your vagina, creating a barrier that stops sperm from reaching an egg.
Vasectomy for males and Tubal Ligation for females
Types of sergical method
Vasectomy
It is a form of male birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to your semen. It's done by cutting and sealing the tubes that carry sperm.
Vasectomy
It has a low risk of problems and can usually be performed in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia, it is a form of permanent birth control
Tubal ligation
It is a surgery that blocks the tubes with a small cut, tie, clamp, or band That way, eggs released from your ovaries can't get through to your uterus to implant They also can't meet up with sperm and become fertilized.
Tubal ligation
It also called sterilization because it makes it impossible to get pregnant from sexual activity. it lasts forever.