What is cell turnover

the process of shedding/ replacing old cells with new ones, happens in the skin and bone marrow

What is ischemia

a less-than-normal amount of blood flow to part of your body

What are the functions of epithelium

• Regulate diffusion, absorption and secretions
• Cover the innner and outer layer of the organs

What are the bases we classify epithelial cells on

Based on:

• How many layers
• Cell shape

Where you can find simple squamous epithelial

Lungs, blood vessels and body cavities

Where can you find simple cuboidal cells

In kidney tubules

Where can you find simple columnar cells

In the stomach and gallbladder

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial cells

Skin, esophagus

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelial cells

Sweat glands

Where can you find pseudostratified epithelial cells

Respiratory tracts

Where can you find transitional epithelial cells

Bladder

What are the specialisation of epithelium

• Microvilli
• Cilia
• Goblet cells
• Keratin

What are the types of connections in the epithelium

• Tight
• Adherens
• Desmosomes
• Gap
• Hemidesmosomes

What are tight junctions good for?

They're in the apical(surface level) and they're good to not allow leakage

What are adherent junctions made from

Actin filament

What are desmosomes made from

Intermediate filament

What are gap junctions used for

To transmit ions and soluble in water stuff for communication between cells

What are hemidesmosomes good for

Connection between the epithelial cell and basal membrane

What are the bases we categories epithelial glands on

Based on:

• If it secrets to tubes or blood vessels directly
• The shape of secretary regions
• Secretion mechanism
• Secretion type

What are the types of exocrine glands

• Simple
• Compound: branched ducts

Name examples of tubular secretory region epithelial glands

Sweat glands

Name examples of acinar(grape shaped) secretory region epithelial glands

Salivary glands

Name the types of epithelial glands based on secretion mechanism

• Mecrocrine: by exocytosis(sending vesicles to outside the cell)
• Holocrine: the stuff are made in the cytoplasm, then the cell explodes causing the stuff to spill all over the place
• Apcrine: mix of both, which is rare

What are epithelial glands secretion types

• Serous
• Mucous
• Mixed

What are the biggest cells in the human body based on size

Skeletal muscle cells

Whats the job of the sino-atrial node

Its what controls the heart beating, signaling it to beat and regulates it like a peacmaker device would which is a device that balances the heart that beats too fast or too slow

How many nucleus does the cardiomyocytes have

One or two centrally located nucleus

How many junctions are in intercalated discs

Adherens, desmoses and gap junctions

Why do cardiac muscle seem straited

Because of how sarcomers are arranged

How long are cardiomyocytes

80-100 microns

How much is the diameter of cardiomyocytes

15 microns

Whats hypertrophy

Increasing in cardiac muscle size

Whats hypotrophy

Decreasing in cardiac muscle size

Whats the shape of smooth muscle cells

Spindle-shaped

What are the junctions in smooth muscle cells

Desmosomes and gap junctions

How are smooth muscles not strained but cardiac and skeletal are

Because smooth muscles lack sarcomers

Amongst muscle cells which one of them has an undeveloped sarcoplasmatic reticulum SR

Smooth muscle cells

Whats smooth muscle cells function in blood vessels

They contract to ecpel content

How is duration of smooth muscle contraction

Long, takes a long time

Which one of the muscles have the greatest generative capacity

Smooth muscles

Whats hyperplasia

Enlargement of an organ or a tissue by proliferation(quick increasing of number) of cells

How do smooth muscles regenerate

By Pericytes that are present in them that devide causing making new muscle cells