Sociology test
The U.S. Supreme Court held that “evolving standards of decency” prohibited capital punishment for juveniles under the age of 18
False
True
True
The juvenile court was established to act in the best interests of children through the use of ______ proceedings.
punitive
non-criminal
public jury
more formal
non-criminal
The formal, constitutional approach to juvenile justice is the ______ approach
therapeutic
casework
treatment-oriented
legalistic
legalistic
In the 1990s, juvenile codes in many states changed to
expand eligibility for criminal court processing
provide more treatment opportunities for youthful people who are incarcerated
address the discrepancy between theory and practice in the juvenile justice system
increase system accountability
expand eligibility for criminal court processing
In the Winship case, the court decided that that standard of proof for conviction should be the same for adults and juveniles. This standard is
clear and convincing evidence
beyond a reasonable
doubt
probable cause
preponderance of evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt
An example of the social reform efforts of the Progressive Era is
increasing work hours
campaign against child
labor
decreasing animal cruelty
get-tough-on-crime measures
campaign against child labor
The therapeutic and legalistic approaches to juvenile justice are ______ approaches. informal
similar
treatment-oriented
conflicting
conflicting
Only a handful of states allow juveniles to be tried as adults under certain circumstances.
True
False
False
During the 1990s, increased fear of juvenile crime prompted the public to demand more ______ for young people who are incarcerated.
anti-gang programs
drug treatment programs
rehabilitative efforts
severe punishments
severe punishments
The Supreme Court’s decisions about incarcerating juveniles without the possibility of parole only applies to juveniles convicted after the c ruling in 2010
True
False
False
Modern juveniles have received strong instruction regarding the ethical use of Internet technology.
True
False
False
A child in 15th-century England is discovered abandoned by her parents and begging for food on the streets. Which is the most likely outcome for this child?
The child’s petition will be considered in a chancery court.
The child’s case will be determined by a reform school.
The child will be cared for by a child-saver. The child will be sent to a house of refuge.
The child’s petition will be considered in a chancery court.
The court cases in the late 1960s and 1970s emphasized which of the following?
rehabilitation
informality
due process
punishment
due process
An informal, treatment-oriented approach to juvenile justice is known as the ______ approach
legalistic
therapeutic
formalistic
constitutional
therapeutic
The idea that juveniles should not be held equally accountable as adults is known as ______.
mens rea
due process
the age of responsibility
leniency
the age of responsibility
Cases during the 1960s and 1970s focusing on due process opposed the ______ of the juvenile court system. punitive nature
equality
informality
formality
informality
Devin is a 23-year-old male. He lives in his own apartment and has a job at a local store. He would be considered a(n) ______.
status offender
Youthful people who are incarcerated juvenile
emerging adult
emerging adult
How well an individual transitions into adulthood is strongly dependent on their personal, family, and social resources
True
False
True
Mens rea means guilty mind
True
False
True
Which of the following is an exception to due process protections for juveniles?
public jury trial
standard of proof for conviction
right to appeal
right to counsel
public jury trial
Which US group advocated for separating adults who are incarcerated from minors who are incarcerated?
New York City committee on pauperism
the House of Lords
the Society fort he Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency
the Child Savers
the Society fort he Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency
The court cases in the late 1960s and 1970s emphasized which of the following
punishment
due process
informality
rehabilitation
Due process
Which person who is incarcerated is most likely to be tried in juvenile court based on new legislation in Vermont
20-year-old with unpaid parking tickets
21-year-old charged with drug possession 19-year-old charged with murder
18-year-old with a history of violent offenses
20-year-old with unpaid parking tickets
Caseworkers continue to argue that more ______ proceedings result in greater stigmatization of juveniles
formal
treatment-oriented
informal
discretionary
formal
The United States was one of the first countries to prohibit the use of the juvenile death penalty
True
False
False
Arrests of persons under the age of 18 have been increasing in recent decades True
False
False
Research has suggested that boys and girls in the juvenile justice system share similar circumstances
True
False
False
By 1945, only five states had created separate juvenile courts
True
False
False
Due process protections for juveniles as determined in the Kent v. United States, In re Gault, and In re Winship cases are constitutional rights guaranteed by the ______ Amendment.
Sixth
Eighth
Fifth
Fourteenth
Fourteenth
Juvenile crime has changed in recent decades due to
technology
the get-tough philosophy
an increase in female crime
drug use
technology
Match the following terms to their definitions.
Guilty mind:
Parents of the country:
In the place of parents:
Men's rea
Parents patriae
In loco parentis
Guilty mind: Men's rea
Parents of the country: Parents patriae
In the place of parents: In loco parentis
Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for the same crime as an adult in criminal court is referred to as
probable cause
standard of decency
double jeopardy
due process
double jeopardy
Persons between the ages of 18-25 who face difficulties with the transition from adolescence into adulthood are known as
youthful people who are incarcerated
status offenders
emerging adults
delinquent peers
emerging adults
During the Progressive Era, the emphasis of the juvenile justice system was on which of the following?
treatment and rehabilitation
increasing punishment
legal rights of the juveniles
“an eye for an eye” principle
treatment and rehabilitation
Match the following landmark court cases to their resulting impact to the juvenile justice.
Proper investigation is necessary before a juvenile can be waived to adult court
Juvenile who are incarcerated are entitled to due process protection
The standard of proof for conviction in juvenile court should be the same as that for adults in criminal court
Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for th same crime as an adult in criminal court violates the double jeopardy clause of the faith amendment
Jury trials are not required in juvenile court
Kent v. United States
In re Gault
In re winship
Breed v. Jones
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
Proper investigation is necessary before a juvenile can be waived to adult court: Kent v. United States
Juvenile who are incarcerated are entitled to due process protection: In re Gault
The standard of proof for conviction in juvenile court should be the same as that for adults in criminal court : In re winship
Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for th same crime as an adult in criminal court violates the double jeopardy clause of the faith amendment: Breed v. Jones
Jury trials are not required in juvenile court: McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
Female crime has never been much of a concern.
True
False
False
Which type of modern crime has revealed some of the shortcomings of the existing juvenile justice system?
status offending
robbery
child neglect
mass shootings
mass shootings
The juvenile court uses discretion and informal proceedings to emphasize which of the following
punishment
legality
treatment
due process
treatment
The development of the juvenile justice system took place during a period of transition toward
humanitarianism
legislation
criminality
punishment
humanitarianism
The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in which state
Illinois
Massachusetts
Pennsylvania
New York
Illinois
Milo is an orphan in early 1800s New York. He lives in an institution where he is apprenticed out to a cobbler, but in the evenings, his life is highly regimented and almost prisonlike. In which institution does Milo most likely live
chancery court
house of refuge
reform school
juvenile retention center
house of refuge
The prohibition of the death penalty and life in prison without parole as punishments for juveniles illustrates which of the following concepts from history?
mens rea
parens patriae
accountability
age of responsibility
age of responsibility
The first institution for the treatment of juveniles who are incarcerated, the Hospital of St. Michael’s, was established in which city?
Boston
Paris
Chicago
Rome
Rome
According to your text, the number of arrests involving juveniles in 2017 was at its lowest level since at least 1980.
True
False
True
Offenses not being counted or reported contribute to error in statistical measurements of crime
True
False
True
The reactions by the student, his or her peers, and the school to the stigma of ______ often lead to a negative attitude about school
bullying
delinquency
being labeled
unrelatable curricula
being labeled
Estimates of the extent of delinquency and abuse based on a behavioral definition are far lower than those based on a legal definition
True
False
False
Why might people of color be overrepresented in official crime statistics
They are more likely to live in heavily policed areas.
They are more likely to be labeled incorrigible.
They are more likely to receive informal sanctions.
They are more likely to report victimization
They are more likely to live in heavily policed areas.
The intersectionality of multiple marginalized identities has what effect on an individual?
It makes them less vulnerable to victimization.
It decreases their likelihood of social exclusion.
It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination.
It increases the likelihood of being positively labeled
It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination
Prevention programs are often developed from ______.
general characteristics of juveniles
statistics on adult crime
official profiles of juveniles who are incarcerated
theories of crime
official profiles of juveniles who are incarcerated
Research has shown that Blacks who are incarcerated were charged with more offenses more often than whites who are incarcerated, with the exception of murder charges where whites who are incarcerated were charged more often True
False
False
Family, education, social class, and drug use are known as ______ factors of delinquency.
social
legal
behavioral
physical
social
Which of the following data collection sources records offenses that are not reported to the police?
Uniform Crime Reports
Police Observational Studies
National Crime Victimization Survey
National Incident-Based Reporting System
National Crime Victimization Survey
Intersectionality occurs when a person identifies with a ______ group.
victimized
criminal
racial
marginalized
marginalized
According to your text, a ______ definition provides a more realistic picture of the extent and nature of people who are incarcerated and victims.
constitutional
criminal
learning
behavioral
behavioral
Age ambiguity is an example of the difficulty associated with ______.
legal definitions
police observational studies
behavioral definitions
statistical profiling
legal definition
Drug, school, and mental health problems are stronger predictors of persistent delinquency for ______.
males who are incarcerated than for females who are incarcerated
whites who are incarcerated than for Blacks who are incarcerated
females who are incarcerated than for males who are incarcerated
Blacks who are incarcerated than for whites who are incarcerated
males who are incarcerated than for females who are incarcerated
Age, gender and race are known as ______ factors of delinquency.
physical
behavioral
social
legal
physical
Racial bias within the juvenile justice system has resulted in disproportionate minority contact
True
False
True
The laws of one state declare that a child must be older than 10 for a petition of delinquency to be filed, while another state sets it at 8. This is an example of
age ambiguity
social exclusion
delinquency
intersectionality
age ambiguity
Official statistics on abused and neglected children are more accurate than other crime statistics
True
False
False
Definitions of delinquency that focus on juveniles who offend or are victimized even if they are not officially labeled are known as ______ definitions
behavioral
criminal
legal
constitutional
behavioral
Which of the following individuals is most vulnerable to social exclusion due to the intersectionality of their identity
Maggie, a white female college student Bob, a white CEO
Jose, a Hispanic man in his 30s
Sandra, a Black transgender woman
Sandra, a Black transgender woman
Self-report offender surveys suggest that far more juvenile offenses are committed than are reported in official agency reports True
False
True
underreporting
Which of the following offenses are youth 15 years of age or younger most frequently involved in
gambling
motor vehicle theft
fraud
arson
arson
One of the challenges with legal definitions is that they are not consistent across time and place
True
False
True
The ______ is the first major influence in shaping the personality characteristics of the child
school
community
peer group
family
family
The intersectionality of multiple marginalized identities has what effect on an individual?
It decreases their likelihood of social exclusion.
It makes them less vulnerable to victimization.
It increases the likelihood of being positively labeled.
It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination
It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination
The extremely poor population that has been abandoned in the inner city as a result of the exodus of the middle class is known as the
overclass
proletariat
underclass
bourgeoisie
underclass
definitions of delinquency hold that only those who have been officially labeled by the courts are people who are incarcerated
Constitutional
Criminal
Behavioral
Legal
Legal
Research on troubled adolescents found that which of the following characteristics described male juvenile delinquents more than their female counterparts
self-harmful
asocial
social
abused
asocial
Which of the following juveniles who are incarcerated is the most likely to be arrested by the police
a juvenile caught with an open container of alcohol
an uncooperative juvenile suspected of arson
a runaway
a juvenile out past curfew
an uncooperative juvenile suspected of arson
Which of the following offenses is also often a survival mechanism for female juveniles?
running away from home
vandalism
carjacking
driving under the influence
running away from home
A teenager who drinks alcohol and sells and uses drugs but is never apprehended by the police would be considered a delinquent using which of the following definitions
criminal
behavioral
learning
constitutional
behavioral
The ______ Act requires states to address the disproportionate number of youth of color who come into contact with the juvenile justice system.
Disproportionate Minority Contact
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Smart on juvenile Justice
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
In recent decades, an increase in the use and abuse of ______ has caused great concern throughout the country
marijuana
methamphetamines
cocaine
opioids
opioids
Over the last 10 years, the population of people who are incarcerated in residential placement dropped by nearly 44% and the race/ethnicity profile of people who are incarcerated has remained the same
True
False
False
Because of the unique problems faced by females who are incarcerated, the most effective approach for this population is one that involves ______.
probation
incarceration
harsh punishment
multiple agencies
multiple agencies
Compared to girls, boys are more likely to be involved which of the following types of bullying?
actions to destroy peer relationships
cyberbullying
acts that lower self-esteem
physical aggression
physical aggression
Put the following stages of intervention in order of occurrence from first to last
Accusation
Investigation
Risk assessment
Decision and action
Accusation
Investigation
Risk assessment
Decision and action
Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, children with ______ are four times more likely to be abused and neglected.
high academic achievement
single parents
siblings
disabilities
disabilities
An investigator is working on a case of internet exploitation of children. Based on prior research into the demographics of such people who are incarcerated, which of the following individuals would the investigator most suspect?
Travis, an African American high-school student
John, a white plumber
Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s
Mandy, a female retail store clerk
Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s
Which population of children is at most risk of death from child abuse and neglect?
teenagers
person of color
adopted
Younger
Younger
Most judges opt to terminate parental rights in suspected child abuse cases.
True
False
False
The ______ Act requires the implementation of a National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction.
PROTECT Our Children
United Nations Convention of Rights
Operation Broken Heart
Child Welfare Information Gateway
PROTECT Our Children
Children of abuse most frequently fear ______.
talking to police investigators
testifying in court
continued abuse
their parents will be taken away from them
their parents will be taken away from them
Physical discipline of a child is typically considered reasonable as long as it does not include which of the following?
repetition
revocation of privileges
bodily injury
a child under 5
bodily injury
A child falls out of a tree in the backyard. Her ankle is painful and extremely swollen. The parent tries to treat it at home with ice because it is not convenient for them to go to the hospital today. This is an example of which type of neglect?
sexual
educational
emotional
physical
physical
Children in the U.S. are more likely than adults to experience violence and crime. True
False
True
Like other forms of abuse, sexual abuse crimes are most commonly committed by adults who are in the caregiver role.
True
False
False
Which of the following cases would a child fatality review team most likely review?
A child with a peanut allergy dies after being taken to the hospital.
A parent asks to be arrested and pleads guilty to criminal child neglect.
A caretaker claims a stranger abducted and killed the child, but there is no evidence of a break-in.
A child dies following a long illness, with corroborating evidence from a doctor
A caretaker claims a stranger abducted and killed the child, but there is no evidence of a break-in.
At what stage of intervention does the removal of a child from the home occur?
risk assessment
action
decision
investigation
action
The majority of states have statutes requiring which group of persons to report suspected child abuse?
neighbors
teachers
parents
siblings
teachers
Who is most often responsible for child deaths due to abuse or neglect?
siblings
parents
teachers
grandparents
parents
Child abuse typically occurs among lower class families
True
False
False
Which platform would an Internet offender use to sexually exploit their victims?
chat rooms
landline phones
face to face contact
school rosters
chat rooms
Put the following groups in order of their rate of family maltreatment victimization, according to data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
White children
Hispanic Americans
African American children
White children
Hispanic Americans
African American children
Sexual abuse cases involving strangers are more likely to be reported than are those involving adults known to children.
True
False
True
Which age group of children experiences the highest victimization rates?
younger than 1 year
12+ years
6-10 years
2-5 years
younger than 1 year