front 1 The U.S. Supreme Court held that “evolving standards of decency” prohibited capital punishment for juveniles under the age of 18 False True | back 1 True |
front 2 The juvenile court was established to act in the best interests of children through the use of ______ proceedings. punitive non-criminal public jury more formal | back 2 non-criminal |
front 3 The formal, constitutional approach to juvenile justice is the ______ approach therapeutic casework treatment-oriented legalistic | back 3 legalistic |
front 4 In the 1990s, juvenile codes in many states changed to expand eligibility for criminal court processing provide more treatment opportunities for youthful people who are incarcerated address the discrepancy between theory and practice in the juvenile justice system increase system accountability | back 4 expand eligibility for criminal court processing |
front 5 In the Winship case, the court decided that that standard of proof for conviction should be the same for adults and juveniles. This standard is clear and convincing evidence | back 5 beyond a reasonable doubt |
front 6 An example of the social reform efforts of the Progressive Era is increasing work hours | back 6 campaign against child labor |
front 7 The therapeutic and legalistic approaches to juvenile justice are ______ approaches. informal similar treatment-oriented conflicting | back 7 conflicting |
front 8 Only a handful of states allow juveniles to be tried as adults under certain circumstances. True False | back 8 False |
front 9 During the 1990s, increased fear of juvenile crime prompted the public to demand more ______ for young people who are incarcerated. anti-gang programs drug treatment programs rehabilitative efforts severe punishments | back 9 severe punishments |
front 10 The Supreme Court’s decisions about incarcerating juveniles without the possibility of parole only applies to juveniles convicted after the c ruling in 2010 True False | back 10 False |
front 11 Modern juveniles have received strong instruction regarding the ethical use of Internet technology. True False | back 11 False |
front 12 A child in 15th-century England is discovered abandoned by her parents and begging for food on the streets. Which is the most likely outcome for this child? The child’s petition will be considered in a chancery court. The child’s case will be determined by a reform school. The child will be cared for by a child-saver. The child will be sent to a house of refuge. | back 12 The child’s petition will be considered in a chancery court. |
front 13 The court cases in the late 1960s and 1970s emphasized which of the following? rehabilitation informality due process punishment | back 13 due process |
front 14 An informal, treatment-oriented approach to juvenile justice is known as the ______ approach legalistic therapeutic formalistic constitutional | back 14 therapeutic |
front 15 The idea that juveniles should not be held equally accountable as adults is known as ______. mens rea due process the age of responsibility leniency | back 15 the age of responsibility |
front 16 Cases during the 1960s and 1970s focusing on due process opposed the ______ of the juvenile court system. punitive nature equality informality formality | back 16 informality |
front 17 Devin is a 23-year-old male. He lives in his own apartment and has a job at a local store. He would be considered a(n) ______. status offender Youthful people who are incarcerated juvenile emerging adult | back 17 emerging adult |
front 18 How well an individual transitions into adulthood is strongly dependent on their personal, family, and social resources True False | back 18 True |
front 19 Mens rea means guilty mind True False | back 19 True |
front 20 Which of the following is an exception to due process protections for juveniles? public jury trial standard of proof for conviction right to appeal right to counsel | back 20 public jury trial |
front 21 Which US group advocated for separating adults who are incarcerated from minors who are incarcerated? New York City committee on pauperism the House of Lords the Society fort he Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency the Child Savers | back 21 the Society fort he Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency |
front 22 The court cases in the late 1960s and 1970s emphasized which of the following punishment due process informality rehabilitation | back 22 Due process |
front 23 Which person who is incarcerated is most likely to be tried in juvenile court based on new legislation in Vermont 20-year-old with unpaid parking tickets 21-year-old charged with drug possession 19-year-old charged with murder 18-year-old with a history of violent offenses | back 23 20-year-old with unpaid parking tickets |
front 24 Caseworkers continue to argue that more ______ proceedings result in greater stigmatization of juveniles formal treatment-oriented informal discretionary | back 24 formal |
front 25 The United States was one of the first countries to prohibit the use of the juvenile death penalty True False | back 25 False |
front 26 Arrests of persons under the age of 18 have been increasing in recent decades True False | back 26 False |
front 27 Research has suggested that boys and girls in the juvenile justice system share similar circumstances True False | back 27 False |
front 28 By 1945, only five states had created separate juvenile courts True False | back 28 False |
front 29 Due process protections for juveniles as determined in the Kent v. United States, In re Gault, and In re Winship cases are constitutional rights guaranteed by the ______ Amendment. Sixth Eighth Fifth Fourteenth | back 29 Fourteenth |
front 30 Juvenile crime has changed in recent decades due to technology the get-tough philosophy an increase in female crime drug use | back 30 technology |
front 31 Match the following terms to their definitions. Guilty mind: Parents of the country: In the place of parents: Men's rea Parents patriae In loco parentis | back 31 Guilty mind: Men's rea Parents of the country: Parents patriae In the place of parents: In loco parentis |
front 32 Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for the same crime as an adult in criminal court is referred to as probable cause standard of decency double jeopardy due process | back 32 double jeopardy |
front 33 Persons between the ages of 18-25 who face difficulties with the transition from adolescence into adulthood are known as youthful people who are incarcerated status offenders emerging adults delinquent peers | back 33 emerging adults |
front 34 During the Progressive Era, the emphasis of the juvenile justice system was on which of the following? treatment and rehabilitation increasing punishment legal rights of the juveniles “an eye for an eye” principle | back 34 treatment and rehabilitation |
front 35 Match the following landmark court cases to their resulting impact to the juvenile justice. Proper investigation is necessary before a juvenile can be waived to adult court Juvenile who are incarcerated are entitled to due process protection The standard of proof for conviction in juvenile court should be the same as that for adults in criminal court Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for th same crime as an adult in criminal court violates the double jeopardy clause of the faith amendment Jury trials are not required in juvenile court Kent v. United States In re Gault In re winship Breed v. Jones McKeiver v. Pennsylvania | back 35 Proper investigation is necessary before a juvenile can be waived to adult court: Kent v. United States Juvenile who are incarcerated are entitled to due process protection: In re Gault The standard of proof for conviction in juvenile court should be the same as that for adults in criminal court : In re winship Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for th same crime as an adult in criminal court violates the double jeopardy clause of the faith amendment: Breed v. Jones Jury trials are not required in juvenile court: McKeiver v. Pennsylvania |
front 36 Female crime has never been much of a concern. True False | back 36 False |
front 37 Which type of modern crime has revealed some of the shortcomings of the existing juvenile justice system? status offending robbery child neglect mass shootings | back 37 mass shootings |
front 38 The juvenile court uses discretion and informal proceedings to emphasize which of the following punishment legality treatment due process | back 38 treatment |
front 39 The development of the juvenile justice system took place during a period of transition toward humanitarianism legislation criminality punishment | back 39 humanitarianism |
front 40 The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in which state Illinois Massachusetts Pennsylvania New York | back 40 Illinois |
front 41 Milo is an orphan in early 1800s New York. He lives in an institution where he is apprenticed out to a cobbler, but in the evenings, his life is highly regimented and almost prisonlike. In which institution does Milo most likely live chancery court house of refuge reform school juvenile retention center | back 41 house of refuge |
front 42 The prohibition of the death penalty and life in prison without parole as punishments for juveniles illustrates which of the following concepts from history? mens rea parens patriae accountability age of responsibility | back 42 age of responsibility |
front 43 The first institution for the treatment of juveniles who are incarcerated, the Hospital of St. Michael’s, was established in which city? Boston Paris Chicago Rome | back 43 Rome |
front 44 According to your text, the number of arrests involving juveniles in 2017 was at its lowest level since at least 1980. True False | back 44 True |
front 45 Offenses not being counted or reported contribute to error in statistical measurements of crime True False | back 45 True |
front 46 The reactions by the student, his or her peers, and the school to the stigma of ______ often lead to a negative attitude about school bullying delinquency being labeled unrelatable curricula | back 46 being labeled |
front 47 Estimates of the extent of delinquency and abuse based on a behavioral definition are far lower than those based on a legal definition True False | back 47 False |
front 48 Why might people of color be overrepresented in official crime statistics They are more likely to live in heavily policed areas. They are more likely to be labeled incorrigible. They are more likely to receive informal sanctions. They are more likely to report victimization | back 48 They are more likely to live in heavily policed areas. |
front 49 The intersectionality of multiple marginalized identities has what effect on an individual? It makes them less vulnerable to victimization. It decreases their likelihood of social exclusion. It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination. It increases the likelihood of being positively labeled | back 49 It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination |
front 50 Prevention programs are often developed from ______. general characteristics of juveniles statistics on adult crime official profiles of juveniles who are incarcerated theories of crime | back 50 official profiles of juveniles who are incarcerated |
front 51 Research has shown that Blacks who are incarcerated were charged with more offenses more often than whites who are incarcerated, with the exception of murder charges where whites who are incarcerated were charged more often True False | back 51 False |
front 52 Family, education, social class, and drug use are known as ______ factors of delinquency. social legal behavioral physical | back 52 social |
front 53 Which of the following data collection sources records offenses that are not reported to the police? Uniform Crime Reports Police Observational Studies National Crime Victimization Survey National Incident-Based Reporting System | back 53 National Crime Victimization Survey |
front 54 Intersectionality occurs when a person identifies with a ______ group. victimized criminal racial marginalized | back 54 marginalized |
front 55 According to your text, a ______ definition provides a more realistic picture of the extent and nature of people who are incarcerated and victims. constitutional criminal learning behavioral | back 55 behavioral |
front 56 Age ambiguity is an example of the difficulty associated with ______. legal definitions police observational studies behavioral definitions statistical profiling | back 56 legal definition |
front 57 Drug, school, and mental health problems are stronger predictors of persistent delinquency for ______. males who are incarcerated than for females who are incarcerated whites who are incarcerated than for Blacks who are incarcerated females who are incarcerated than for males who are incarcerated Blacks who are incarcerated than for whites who are incarcerated | back 57 males who are incarcerated than for females who are incarcerated |
front 58 Age, gender and race are known as ______ factors of delinquency. physical behavioral social legal | back 58 physical |
front 59 Racial bias within the juvenile justice system has resulted in disproportionate minority contact True False | back 59 True |
front 60 The laws of one state declare that a child must be older than 10 for a petition of delinquency to be filed, while another state sets it at 8. This is an example of age ambiguity social exclusion delinquency intersectionality | back 60 age ambiguity |
front 61 Official statistics on abused and neglected children are more accurate than other crime statistics True False | back 61 False |
front 62 Definitions of delinquency that focus on juveniles who offend or are victimized even if they are not officially labeled are known as ______ definitions behavioral criminal legal constitutional | back 62 behavioral |
front 63 Which of the following individuals is most vulnerable to social exclusion due to the intersectionality of their identity Maggie, a white female college student Bob, a white CEO Jose, a Hispanic man in his 30s Sandra, a Black transgender woman | back 63 Sandra, a Black transgender woman |
front 64 Self-report offender surveys suggest that far more juvenile offenses are committed than are reported in official agency reports True False | back 64 True |
front 65 no data | back 65 underreporting |
front 66 Which of the following offenses are youth 15 years of age or younger most frequently involved in gambling motor vehicle theft fraud arson | back 66 arson |
front 67 One of the challenges with legal definitions is that they are not consistent across time and place True False | back 67 True |
front 68 The ______ is the first major influence in shaping the personality characteristics of the child school community peer group family | back 68 family |
front 69 The intersectionality of multiple marginalized identities has what effect on an individual? It decreases their likelihood of social exclusion. It makes them less vulnerable to victimization. It increases the likelihood of being positively labeled. It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination | back 69 It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination |
front 70 The extremely poor population that has been abandoned in the inner city as a result of the exodus of the middle class is known as the overclass proletariat underclass bourgeoisie | back 70 underclass |
front 71 definitions of delinquency hold that only those who have been officially labeled by the courts are people who are incarcerated Constitutional Criminal Behavioral Legal | back 71 Legal |
front 72 Research on troubled adolescents found that which of the following characteristics described male juvenile delinquents more than their female counterparts self-harmful asocial social abused | back 72 asocial |
front 73 Which of the following juveniles who are incarcerated is the most likely to be arrested by the police a juvenile caught with an open container of alcohol an uncooperative juvenile suspected of arson a runaway a juvenile out past curfew | back 73 an uncooperative juvenile suspected of arson |
front 74 Which of the following offenses is also often a survival mechanism for female juveniles? running away from home vandalism carjacking driving under the influence | back 74 running away from home |
front 75 A teenager who drinks alcohol and sells and uses drugs but is never apprehended by the police would be considered a delinquent using which of the following definitions criminal behavioral learning constitutional | back 75 behavioral |
front 76 The ______ Act requires states to address the disproportionate number of youth of color who come into contact with the juvenile justice system. Disproportionate Minority Contact Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Smart on juvenile Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention | back 76 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention |
front 77 In recent decades, an increase in the use and abuse of ______ has caused great concern throughout the country marijuana methamphetamines cocaine opioids | back 77 opioids |
front 78 Over the last 10 years, the population of people who are incarcerated in residential placement dropped by nearly 44% and the race/ethnicity profile of people who are incarcerated has remained the same True False | back 78 False |
front 79 Because of the unique problems faced by females who are incarcerated, the most effective approach for this population is one that involves ______. probation incarceration harsh punishment multiple agencies | back 79 multiple agencies |
front 80 Compared to girls, boys are more likely to be involved which of the following types of bullying? actions to destroy peer relationships cyberbullying acts that lower self-esteem physical aggression | back 80 physical aggression |
front 81 Put the following stages of intervention in order of occurrence from first to last Accusation Investigation Risk assessment Decision and action | back 81 Accusation Investigation Risk assessment Decision and action |
front 82 Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, children with ______ are four times more likely to be abused and neglected. high academic achievement single parents siblings disabilities | back 82 disabilities |
front 83 An investigator is working on a case of internet exploitation of children. Based on prior research into the demographics of such people who are incarcerated, which of the following individuals would the investigator most suspect? Travis, an African American high-school student John, a white plumber Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s Mandy, a female retail store clerk | back 83 Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s |
front 84 Which population of children is at most risk of death from child abuse and neglect? teenagers person of color adopted Younger | back 84 Younger |
front 85 Most judges opt to terminate parental rights in suspected child abuse cases. True False | back 85 False |
front 86 The ______ Act requires the implementation of a National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction. PROTECT Our Children United Nations Convention of Rights Operation Broken Heart Child Welfare Information Gateway | back 86 PROTECT Our Children |
front 87 Children of abuse most frequently fear ______. talking to police investigators testifying in court continued abuse their parents will be taken away from them | back 87 their parents will be taken away from them |
front 88 Physical discipline of a child is typically considered reasonable as long as it does not include which of the following? repetition revocation of privileges bodily injury a child under 5 | back 88 bodily injury |
front 89 A child falls out of a tree in the backyard. Her ankle is painful and extremely swollen. The parent tries to treat it at home with ice because it is not convenient for them to go to the hospital today. This is an example of which type of neglect? sexual educational emotional physical | back 89 physical |
front 90 Children in the U.S. are more likely than adults to experience violence and crime. True False | back 90 True |
front 91 Like other forms of abuse, sexual abuse crimes are most commonly committed by adults who are in the caregiver role. True False | back 91 False |
front 92 Which of the following cases would a child fatality review team most likely review? A child with a peanut allergy dies after being taken to the hospital. A parent asks to be arrested and pleads guilty to criminal child neglect. A caretaker claims a stranger abducted and killed the child, but there is no evidence of a break-in. A child dies following a long illness, with corroborating evidence from a doctor | back 92 A caretaker claims a stranger abducted and killed the child, but there is no evidence of a break-in. |
front 93 At what stage of intervention does the removal of a child from the home occur? risk assessment action decision investigation | back 93 action |
front 94 The majority of states have statutes requiring which group of persons to report suspected child abuse? neighbors teachers parents siblings | back 94 teachers |
front 95 Who is most often responsible for child deaths due to abuse or neglect? siblings parents teachers grandparents | back 95 parents |
front 96 Child abuse typically occurs among lower class families True False | back 96 False |
front 97 Which platform would an Internet offender use to sexually exploit their victims? chat rooms landline phones face to face contact school rosters | back 97 chat rooms |
front 98 Put the following groups in order of their rate of family maltreatment victimization, according to data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services White children Hispanic Americans African American children | back 98 White children Hispanic Americans African American children |
front 99 Sexual abuse cases involving strangers are more likely to be reported than are those involving adults known to children. True False | back 99 True |
front 100 Which age group of children experiences the highest victimization rates? younger than 1 year 12+ years 6-10 years 2-5 years | back 100 younger than 1 year |