Sociology test Flashcards

The U.S. Supreme Court held that “evolving standards of decency” prohibited capital punishment for juveniles under the age of 18

False

True

The juvenile court was established to act in the best interests of children through the use of ______ proceedings.

punitive

non-criminal

public jury

more formal

The formal, constitutional approach to juvenile justice is the ______ approach

therapeutic

casework

treatment-oriented

legalistic

In the 1990s, juvenile codes in many states changed to

expand eligibility for criminal court processing

provide more treatment opportunities for youthful people who are incarcerated

address the discrepancy between theory and practice in the juvenile justice system

increase system accountability

In the Winship case, the court decided that that standard of proof for conviction should be the same for adults and juveniles. This standard is

clear and convincing evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt
probable cause
preponderance of evidence

An example of the social reform efforts of the Progressive Era is

increasing work hours
campaign against child labor
decreasing animal cruelty
get-tough-on-crime measures

The therapeutic and legalistic approaches to juvenile justice are ______ approaches. informal

similar

treatment-oriented

conflicting

Only a handful of states allow juveniles to be tried as adults under certain circumstances.

True

False

During the 1990s, increased fear of juvenile crime prompted the public to demand more ______ for young people who are incarcerated.

anti-gang programs

drug treatment programs

rehabilitative efforts

severe punishments

The Supreme Court’s decisions about incarcerating juveniles without the possibility of parole only applies to juveniles convicted after the c ruling in 2010

True

False

Modern juveniles have received strong instruction regarding the ethical use of Internet technology.

True

False

A child in 15th-century England is discovered abandoned by her parents and begging for food on the streets. Which is the most likely outcome for this child?

The child’s petition will be considered in a chancery court.

The child’s case will be determined by a reform school.

The child will be cared for by a child-saver. The child will be sent to a house of refuge.

The court cases in the late 1960s and 1970s emphasized which of the following?

rehabilitation

informality

due process

punishment

An informal, treatment-oriented approach to juvenile justice is known as the ______ approach

legalistic

therapeutic

formalistic

constitutional

The idea that juveniles should not be held equally accountable as adults is known as ______.

mens rea

due process

the age of responsibility

leniency

Cases during the 1960s and 1970s focusing on due process opposed the ______ of the juvenile court system. punitive nature

equality

informality

formality

Devin is a 23-year-old male. He lives in his own apartment and has a job at a local store. He would be considered a(n) ______.

status offender

Youthful people who are incarcerated juvenile

emerging adult

How well an individual transitions into adulthood is strongly dependent on their personal, family, and social resources

True

False

Mens rea means guilty mind

True

False

Which of the following is an exception to due process protections for juveniles?

public jury trial

standard of proof for conviction

right to appeal

right to counsel

Which US group advocated for separating adults who are incarcerated from minors who are incarcerated?

New York City committee on pauperism

the House of Lords

the Society fort he Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency

the Child Savers

The court cases in the late 1960s and 1970s emphasized which of the following

punishment

due process

informality

rehabilitation

Which person who is incarcerated is most likely to be tried in juvenile court based on new legislation in Vermont

20-year-old with unpaid parking tickets

21-year-old charged with drug possession 19-year-old charged with murder

18-year-old with a history of violent offenses

Caseworkers continue to argue that more ______ proceedings result in greater stigmatization of juveniles

formal

treatment-oriented

informal

discretionary

The United States was one of the first countries to prohibit the use of the juvenile death penalty

True

False

Arrests of persons under the age of 18 have been increasing in recent decades True

False

Research has suggested that boys and girls in the juvenile justice system share similar circumstances

True

False

By 1945, only five states had created separate juvenile courts

True

False

Due process protections for juveniles as determined in the Kent v. United States, In re Gault, and In re Winship cases are constitutional rights guaranteed by the ______ Amendment.

Sixth

Eighth

Fifth

Fourteenth

Juvenile crime has changed in recent decades due to

technology

the get-tough philosophy

an increase in female crime

drug use

Match the following terms to their definitions.

Guilty mind:

Parents of the country:

In the place of parents:

Men's rea

Parents patriae

In loco parentis

Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for the same crime as an adult in criminal court is referred to as

probable cause

standard of decency

double jeopardy

due process

Persons between the ages of 18-25 who face difficulties with the transition from adolescence into adulthood are known as

youthful people who are incarcerated

status offenders

emerging adults

delinquent peers

During the Progressive Era, the emphasis of the juvenile justice system was on which of the following?

treatment and rehabilitation

increasing punishment

legal rights of the juveniles

“an eye for an eye” principle

Match the following landmark court cases to their resulting impact to the juvenile justice.

Proper investigation is necessary before a juvenile can be waived to adult court

Juvenile who are incarcerated are entitled to due process protection

The standard of proof for conviction in juvenile court should be the same as that for adults in criminal court

Trying a juvenile who had previously been adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court for th same crime as an adult in criminal court violates the double jeopardy clause of the faith amendment

Jury trials are not required in juvenile court

Kent v. United States

In re Gault

In re winship

Breed v. Jones

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Female crime has never been much of a concern.

True

False

Which type of modern crime has revealed some of the shortcomings of the existing juvenile justice system?

status offending

robbery

child neglect

mass shootings

The juvenile court uses discretion and informal proceedings to emphasize which of the following

punishment

legality

treatment

due process

The development of the juvenile justice system took place during a period of transition toward

humanitarianism

legislation

criminality

punishment

The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in which state

Illinois

Massachusetts

Pennsylvania

New York

Milo is an orphan in early 1800s New York. He lives in an institution where he is apprenticed out to a cobbler, but in the evenings, his life is highly regimented and almost prisonlike. In which institution does Milo most likely live

chancery court

house of refuge

reform school

juvenile retention center

The prohibition of the death penalty and life in prison without parole as punishments for juveniles illustrates which of the following concepts from history?

mens rea

parens patriae

accountability

age of responsibility

The first institution for the treatment of juveniles who are incarcerated, the Hospital of St. Michael’s, was established in which city?

Boston

Paris

Chicago

Rome

According to your text, the number of arrests involving juveniles in 2017 was at its lowest level since at least 1980.

True

False

Offenses not being counted or reported contribute to error in statistical measurements of crime

True

False

The reactions by the student, his or her peers, and the school to the stigma of ______ often lead to a negative attitude about school

bullying

delinquency

being labeled

unrelatable curricula

Estimates of the extent of delinquency and abuse based on a behavioral definition are far lower than those based on a legal definition

True

False

Why might people of color be overrepresented in official crime statistics

They are more likely to live in heavily policed areas.

They are more likely to be labeled incorrigible.

They are more likely to receive informal sanctions.

They are more likely to report victimization

The intersectionality of multiple marginalized identities has what effect on an individual?

It makes them less vulnerable to victimization.

It decreases their likelihood of social exclusion.

It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination.

It increases the likelihood of being positively labeled

Prevention programs are often developed from ______.

general characteristics of juveniles

statistics on adult crime

official profiles of juveniles who are incarcerated

theories of crime

Research has shown that Blacks who are incarcerated were charged with more offenses more often than whites who are incarcerated, with the exception of murder charges where whites who are incarcerated were charged more often True

False

Family, education, social class, and drug use are known as ______ factors of delinquency.

social

legal

behavioral

physical

Which of the following data collection sources records offenses that are not reported to the police?

Uniform Crime Reports

Police Observational Studies

National Crime Victimization Survey

National Incident-Based Reporting System

Intersectionality occurs when a person identifies with a ______ group.

victimized

criminal

racial

marginalized

According to your text, a ______ definition provides a more realistic picture of the extent and nature of people who are incarcerated and victims.

constitutional

criminal

learning

behavioral

Age ambiguity is an example of the difficulty associated with ______.

legal definitions

police observational studies

behavioral definitions

statistical profiling

Drug, school, and mental health problems are stronger predictors of persistent delinquency for ______.

males who are incarcerated than for females who are incarcerated

whites who are incarcerated than for Blacks who are incarcerated

females who are incarcerated than for males who are incarcerated

Blacks who are incarcerated than for whites who are incarcerated

Age, gender and race are known as ______ factors of delinquency.

physical

behavioral

social

legal

Racial bias within the juvenile justice system has resulted in disproportionate minority contact

True

False

The laws of one state declare that a child must be older than 10 for a petition of delinquency to be filed, while another state sets it at 8. This is an example of

age ambiguity

social exclusion

delinquency

intersectionality

Official statistics on abused and neglected children are more accurate than other crime statistics

True

False

Definitions of delinquency that focus on juveniles who offend or are victimized even if they are not officially labeled are known as ______ definitions

behavioral

criminal

legal

constitutional

Which of the following individuals is most vulnerable to social exclusion due to the intersectionality of their identity

Maggie, a white female college student Bob, a white CEO

Jose, a Hispanic man in his 30s

Sandra, a Black transgender woman

Self-report offender surveys suggest that far more juvenile offenses are committed than are reported in official agency reports True

False

...

Which of the following offenses are youth 15 years of age or younger most frequently involved in

gambling

motor vehicle theft

fraud

arson

One of the challenges with legal definitions is that they are not consistent across time and place

True

False

The ______ is the first major influence in shaping the personality characteristics of the child

school

community

peer group

family

The intersectionality of multiple marginalized identities has what effect on an individual?

It decreases their likelihood of social exclusion.

It makes them less vulnerable to victimization.

It increases the likelihood of being positively labeled.

It makes them more vulnerable to discrimination

The extremely poor population that has been abandoned in the inner city as a result of the exodus of the middle class is known as the

overclass

proletariat

underclass

bourgeoisie

definitions of delinquency hold that only those who have been officially labeled by the courts are people who are incarcerated

Constitutional

Criminal

Behavioral

Legal

Research on troubled adolescents found that which of the following characteristics described male juvenile delinquents more than their female counterparts

self-harmful

asocial

social

abused

Which of the following juveniles who are incarcerated is the most likely to be arrested by the police

a juvenile caught with an open container of alcohol

an uncooperative juvenile suspected of arson

a runaway

a juvenile out past curfew

Which of the following offenses is also often a survival mechanism for female juveniles?

running away from home

vandalism

carjacking

driving under the influence

A teenager who drinks alcohol and sells and uses drugs but is never apprehended by the police would be considered a delinquent using which of the following definitions

criminal

behavioral

learning

constitutional

The ______ Act requires states to address the disproportionate number of youth of color who come into contact with the juvenile justice system.

Disproportionate Minority Contact

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Smart on juvenile Justice

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

In recent decades, an increase in the use and abuse of ______ has caused great concern throughout the country

marijuana

methamphetamines

cocaine

opioids

Over the last 10 years, the population of people who are incarcerated in residential placement dropped by nearly 44% and the race/ethnicity profile of people who are incarcerated has remained the same

True

False

Because of the unique problems faced by females who are incarcerated, the most effective approach for this population is one that involves ______.

probation

incarceration

harsh punishment

multiple agencies

Compared to girls, boys are more likely to be involved which of the following types of bullying?

actions to destroy peer relationships

cyberbullying

acts that lower self-esteem

physical aggression

Put the following stages of intervention in order of occurrence from first to last

Accusation

Investigation

Risk assessment

Decision and action

Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, children with ______ are four times more likely to be abused and neglected.

high academic achievement

single parents

siblings

disabilities

An investigator is working on a case of internet exploitation of children. Based on prior research into the demographics of such people who are incarcerated, which of the following individuals would the investigator most suspect?

Travis, an African American high-school student

John, a white plumber

Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s

Mandy, a female retail store clerk

Which population of children is at most risk of death from child abuse and neglect?

teenagers

person of color

adopted

Younger

Most judges opt to terminate parental rights in suspected child abuse cases.

True

False

The ______ Act requires the implementation of a National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction.

PROTECT Our Children

United Nations Convention of Rights

Operation Broken Heart

Child Welfare Information Gateway

Children of abuse most frequently fear ______.

talking to police investigators

testifying in court

continued abuse

their parents will be taken away from them

Physical discipline of a child is typically considered reasonable as long as it does not include which of the following?

repetition

revocation of privileges

bodily injury

a child under 5

A child falls out of a tree in the backyard. Her ankle is painful and extremely swollen. The parent tries to treat it at home with ice because it is not convenient for them to go to the hospital today. This is an example of which type of neglect?

sexual

educational

emotional

physical

Children in the U.S. are more likely than adults to experience violence and crime. True

False

Like other forms of abuse, sexual abuse crimes are most commonly committed by adults who are in the caregiver role.

True

False

Which of the following cases would a child fatality review team most likely review?

A child with a peanut allergy dies after being taken to the hospital.

A parent asks to be arrested and pleads guilty to criminal child neglect.

A caretaker claims a stranger abducted and killed the child, but there is no evidence of a break-in.

A child dies following a long illness, with corroborating evidence from a doctor

At what stage of intervention does the removal of a child from the home occur?

risk assessment

action

decision

investigation

The majority of states have statutes requiring which group of persons to report suspected child abuse?

neighbors

teachers

parents

siblings

Who is most often responsible for child deaths due to abuse or neglect?

siblings

parents

teachers

grandparents

Child abuse typically occurs among lower class families

True

False

Which platform would an Internet offender use to sexually exploit their victims?

chat rooms

landline phones

face to face contact

school rosters

Put the following groups in order of their rate of family maltreatment victimization, according to data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

White children

Hispanic Americans

African American children

Sexual abuse cases involving strangers are more likely to be reported than are those involving adults known to children.

True

False

Which age group of children experiences the highest victimization rates?

younger than 1 year

12+ years

6-10 years

2-5 years