What are zea mays?

corn

Can corn produce male and female gametes?

yes

Can corn self pollinate and cross pollinate?

yes

What is self-pollination?

When flowers can fertilize its ownself

What is cross-pollination?

When flowers pollinate with other flowers

How many chromosomes does corn have?

10

Who was Gregor Mendel?

He was an Austrain monk that was interested in botany and biology. He also described the pattern of inheritance

What was the pattern of inheritance?

Its where certain traits are dominant and recessive, with dominant traits masking the effects of recessive genes when present

What plant did Gregor Mendel use?

The garden pea plant (14 chromosomes)

What is a phenotype?

It is the physical (observable) appearance of an organism

What is a genotype?

The genes (composition of DNA) of an organism

What is a allele?

different versions of a gene

What is a punnet square?

It is a graphical representation that allows us to predict the outcomes of the possible genotypes that an offspring can have after cross breeding

Why did he chose to use garden peas?

They are self-pollinating, true-breeding, has 2 phenotypes, and have a short life cycle

What is the P generation?

The parent generation with the inital genes

What is the F1 generation?

the next generation after cross breeding the parent generation

What is the F2 generation?

the next generation after cross breeding the F1 generation

What does F stand for (F1/F2)

Filial generation

What is the offspring of the F1 generation?

100% heterozygous individuals, thus containing both alleles from parents and 100% exhibiting the dominant trait

What is the offspring of the F2 generation?

will have an even amount of homozygous and heterozygous individuals but 75% will exhibit the dominant trait

Practice doing monohybrid and dihybrid crosses

kk

Know how to calculate the percentage and fraction

ugh kk

What is probability? (And/Then)

The likelihood of something happening or being the case

What is binomial expansion?

It allows us to calculate probability without having to think of every sequence in which events occur.

What is the formula for binomial expansion?

(a+b)^n

a is the probability of getting the first outcome

b is the probability

n is the number of individuals being tested

We can use addition for what situations?

Either/Or

What is the Chi-square test? (X^2)

X^2 test allows us to calculate deviations from observed and expected numbers to determine if this is due to chance or if it is statistically significant.

What does the X^2 test help determine?

The probability value (p value). It has two outcomes... greater than or less than 0.05 (5%)

How do you calculate X^2

1. d=o-e

2. X^2= d^2/e

3. sum all X^2

next using the X^2 table determine p value

What does o stand for?

observed value

What does e stand for?

expected value

What does d stand for?

degree of freedom. (the number of categories being
measured (in this case phenotypes) minus one

What are GMO's?

Genetically modified organisms which is any animal, plant, or microbe that has had their DNA altered using genetic engineering

What is a pedigree?

It is a diagram that shows family history and relationships

What is a proband?

a person that serves a starting point for the genetic study of the family

What is genetic testing?

Any type of medical testing that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins

What is cancer?

a collection of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and cells spread to surrounding tissues

What are the 4 genes that can cause HNPCC if mutated?

MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2.

Inheriting the genes does not guarantee you get the cancer

What is HNPCC?

Hereditary nonpolyposis colocteral cancer also known as lynch syndrome.

What does the colon do?

it is part of the large intestines and is responsible for removing water and electrolytes from digested foods

How is cancer treated?

By looking under a microscope

What are restriction enzymes?

Enzymes produced by bacteria that cleave DNA at specific sites

True or false. You can put your hand in the buffer while the gel is running

False. NEVER

What is the concentration formula for dilutions?

C1V1=C2V2

c = concentration

v = volume