What are zea mays?
corn
Can corn produce male and female gametes?
yes
Can corn self pollinate and cross pollinate?
yes
What is self-pollination?
When flowers can fertilize its ownself
What is cross-pollination?
When flowers pollinate with other flowers
How many chromosomes does corn have?
10
Who was Gregor Mendel?
He was an Austrain monk that was interested in botany and biology. He also described the pattern of inheritance
What was the pattern of inheritance?
Its where certain traits are dominant and recessive, with dominant traits masking the effects of recessive genes when present
What plant did Gregor Mendel use?
The garden pea plant (14 chromosomes)
What is a phenotype?
It is the physical (observable) appearance of an organism
What is a genotype?
The genes (composition of DNA) of an organism
What is a allele?
different versions of a gene
What is a punnet square?
It is a graphical representation that allows us to predict the outcomes of the possible genotypes that an offspring can have after cross breeding
Why did he chose to use garden peas?
They are self-pollinating, true-breeding, has 2 phenotypes, and have a short life cycle
What is the P generation?
The parent generation with the inital genes
What is the F1 generation?
the next generation after cross breeding the parent generation
What is the F2 generation?
the next generation after cross breeding the F1 generation
What does F stand for (F1/F2)
Filial generation
What is the offspring of the F1 generation?
100% heterozygous individuals, thus containing both alleles from parents and 100% exhibiting the dominant trait
What is the offspring of the F2 generation?
will have an even amount of homozygous and heterozygous individuals but 75% will exhibit the dominant trait
Practice doing monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
kk
Know how to calculate the percentage and fraction
ugh kk
What is probability? (And/Then)
The likelihood of something happening or being the case
What is binomial expansion?
It allows us to calculate probability without having to think of every sequence in which events occur.
What is the formula for binomial expansion?
(a+b)^n
a is the probability of getting the first outcome
b is the probability
n is the number of individuals being tested
We can use addition for what situations?
Either/Or
What is the Chi-square test? (X^2)
X^2 test allows us to calculate deviations from observed and expected numbers to determine if this is due to chance or if it is statistically significant.
What does the X^2 test help determine?
The probability value (p value). It has two outcomes... greater than or less than 0.05 (5%)
How do you calculate X^2
1. d=o-e
2. X^2= d^2/e
3. sum all X^2
next using the X^2 table determine p value
What does o stand for?
observed value
What does e stand for?
expected value
What does d stand for?
degree of freedom. (the number of categories being
measured (in
this case phenotypes) minus one
What are GMO's?
Genetically modified organisms which is any animal, plant, or microbe that has had their DNA altered using genetic engineering
What is a pedigree?
It is a diagram that shows family history and relationships
What is a proband?
a person that serves a starting point for the genetic study of the family
What is genetic testing?
Any type of medical testing that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins
What is cancer?
a collection of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and cells spread to surrounding tissues
What are the 4 genes that can cause HNPCC if mutated?
MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2.
Inheriting the genes does not guarantee you get the cancer
What is HNPCC?
Hereditary nonpolyposis colocteral cancer also known as lynch syndrome.
What does the colon do?
it is part of the large intestines and is responsible for removing water and electrolytes from digested foods
How is cancer treated?
By looking under a microscope
What are restriction enzymes?
Enzymes produced by bacteria that cleave DNA at specific sites
True or false. You can put your hand in the buffer while the gel is running
False. NEVER
What is the concentration formula for dilutions?
C1V1=C2V2
c = concentration
v = volume