Hormone target cells ___

Must express receptors for the hormone

Tropic hormones ___

Affect the growth and function of other endocrine glands in addition to stimulating hormone release

Norepinephrine release into the bloodstream would fall under which classification of chemical messenger?

Hormone

Prohormones are ___

The inactive form of a hormone bound by carrier or signaling peptides

Which of the following is a function of glucagon?

- Stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen

- Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Osteoporosis is a disease that commonly affects the elderly population. A decrease in dietary intake of calcium contributes to this disorder by causing:

Over-secretion of parathyroid hormone

Stress is a direct stimulus for the release of ___

Corticotropin releasing hormone

The functional units of the thyroid gland which produce thyroxine are known as ___

Follicles

Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone?

Increases expression of aquaporin

Which of the following would most likely decrease the half-life of a hormone?

- Decreased excretion

- Excretion by kidney

Negative feedback loops utilize which of the following concepts in order to maintain homeostasis?

Reference ranges

Which of the following is the best definition of plasma?

Blood minus all cells

Formed elements within blood ___

Are parts of the immune system

The ABO blood group antigens are ___

Present on erythrocytes

Compare the functioning of erythrocytes to leukocytes in blood

Erythrocytes transport oxygen, leukocytes are important for immunity

Which of the following blood components shows a sexual differentiation in people?

The hematocrit

Blood type ___ is known as the universal donor blood type because ___

O; its erythrocytes have no surface A or B antigens

The Rh blood group ___

Is responsible for newborn hemolytic disease

Which type of white blood cells play a role in allergies?

- Eosinophils

- Basophils

Which of the following statements are true about fetal hemoglobin (FHb)?

- It has a higher affinity than adult hemoglobin

- It contains gamma subunits

- It contains alpha subunits

Which statement best demonstrates the effects of hypoxia on hematocrit?

Hypoxia increases hematocrit

Which of the following best illustrates the role of platelets during clotting?

They quickly stick to exposed collagen and plug damaged areas

Which of the following pumps oxygenated blood?

Systemic pump

Cardiac anastomoses ___

Provide alternate paths for blood flow

Follow the correct path of blood through the heart, beginning at the left atrium

- Mitral valve

- Left ventricle

- Aorta

- Left anterior descending artery

- Vena cava

- Right atrium

- Tricuspid

- Right ventricle

- Pulmonary valve

Oxygenated blood exits the heart ___, whereas deoxygenated blood enters the ___ of the heart

Through the left ventricle; right atrium

The endocardium of the heart is made up of what type of epithelial tissue?

Simple squamous

Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells ___

Attach to each other via intercalated discs

Which currents are least active during the depolarization of the action potential shown in panel a?

Outward potassium current

Where is the SA node depolarizing?

PR interval

Where are the purkinje fibers depolarizing?

QRS complex

Which current is most active during the depolarization phase of the action potential in panel a?

Inward sodium current

Which current is most active during the depolarization phase of the action potential in panel b?

Inward calcium current

The correct path of action potential traveling through the conductive system of the heart is ___

- Sinoatrial node

- Internode pathways

- Contractile cells of the atria

- Bundle of his

- Left and right bundle branches

- Purkinje fibers

- Contractile cells of the ventricle

Where on the ECG are the atria depolarizing?

P wave

Where on the ECG are the ventricles repolarizing?

T wave

Which of the following would increase stroke volume?

Activation of beta adrenergic receptors

A new drug is being investigated in clinical trials for its ability to increase cardiac contractile force. Which of the following mechanisms could allow this drug work by?

- Inhibiting the Na/K/ATPase

- Activating ryanodine receptors

An increase in end systolic volume will ___

Decrease stroke volume

Type 1 diabetes causes symptoms such as ___

Abnormally high blood glucose levels

Predict what would happen if a person was unable to consume iodine in their diet

They would suffer from hypothyroidism

Where can steroid receptors be found?

Inside the nucleus/cytoplasm and cell surface

A recently discovered novel hormone, that is of a relatively large size, and binds and acts via second-messenger systems receptor, converting ATP to cAMP, would be best described as what type of chemical hormone classification?

Peptide hormone

Communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is facilitated by ___

The hypophyseal portal system

Reduced heart rate, weight gain, fatigue, and feeling cold are all symptoms of ___

Hypothyroidism

Which of the following statements concerning growth hormone is not true?

It is produced by the hypothalamus but secreted by the pituitary

An individual who develops hypercalcemia would most likely respond by producing ___

Calcitonin

Which type of white blood cells is/are phagocytic?

Monocytes

The most abundant plasma proteins are ___.

Albumins

The platelet phase of blood clotting is an example of ___

Positive feedback

Which of the following are blood classification systems?

ABO and Rh

A man with O+ blood would most likely have which of the following circulating antibodies?

Anti-A and anti-B

During erythropoiesis, erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates receptors on cells located ___

In the bone marrow

Hematocrit is the ratio of ________ to whole blood volume, and a normal value is ________.

Packed red blood cells; 45%

Carbon monoxide ___

Has four binding sites on hemoglobin

Which of the following is responsible for dissolving a blood clot?

Tissue plasminogen activator

The cardiovascular system is designed to maintain ______, which ______

Sufficient blood pressure; changes as the body changes

The P to R interval in an electrocardiogram represents ______

The time required for the cardiac action potential to propagate through the ventricles

An increase in venous return to the heart will ___

Increase stroke volume

What are gap junctions responsible for?

Sharing ions between adjacent myocytes

The epicardium is the ___ layer of the heart

Superficial

The chambers of the heart are continuous with the ___ layer of the ehart

Middle

The coronary circulation ______

- Supplies blood to the heart

- Contains alternate paths for blood to flow to the same region

The contraction of the heart, is autorhythmic due to which of the following?

Pacemaker cells of the Sinoatrial (SA) node

If a person is having a myocardial infarction, that is directly affecting the region of interventricular septum of the heart, which portion of the conduction system is likely affected by the infarction?

Bundle branches

What type of cell will give rise to the action potential recording in panel b?

A sinoatrial node pacemaker cell