Hormone target cells ___
Must express receptors for the hormone
Tropic hormones ___
Affect the growth and function of other endocrine glands in addition to stimulating hormone release
Norepinephrine release into the bloodstream would fall under which classification of chemical messenger?
Hormone
Prohormones are ___
The inactive form of a hormone bound by carrier or signaling peptides
Which of the following is a function of glucagon?
- Stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen
- Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Osteoporosis is a disease that commonly affects the elderly population. A decrease in dietary intake of calcium contributes to this disorder by causing:
Over-secretion of parathyroid hormone
Stress is a direct stimulus for the release of ___
Corticotropin releasing hormone
The functional units of the thyroid gland which produce thyroxine are known as ___
Follicles
Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone?
Increases expression of aquaporin
Which of the following would most likely decrease the half-life of a hormone?
- Decreased excretion
- Excretion by kidney
Negative feedback loops utilize which of the following concepts in order to maintain homeostasis?
Reference ranges
Which of the following is the best definition of plasma?
Blood minus all cells
Formed elements within blood ___
Are parts of the immune system
The ABO blood group antigens are ___
Present on erythrocytes
Compare the functioning of erythrocytes to leukocytes in blood
Erythrocytes transport oxygen, leukocytes are important for immunity
Which of the following blood components shows a sexual differentiation in people?
The hematocrit
Blood type ___ is known as the universal donor blood type because ___
O; its erythrocytes have no surface A or B antigens
The Rh blood group ___
Is responsible for newborn hemolytic disease
Which type of white blood cells play a role in allergies?
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Which of the following statements are true about fetal hemoglobin (FHb)?
- It has a higher affinity than adult hemoglobin
- It contains gamma subunits
- It contains alpha subunits
Which statement best demonstrates the effects of hypoxia on hematocrit?
Hypoxia increases hematocrit
Which of the following best illustrates the role of platelets during clotting?
They quickly stick to exposed collagen and plug damaged areas
Which of the following pumps oxygenated blood?
Systemic pump
Cardiac anastomoses ___
Provide alternate paths for blood flow
Follow the correct path of blood through the heart, beginning at the left atrium
- Mitral valve
- Left ventricle
- Aorta
- Left anterior descending artery
- Vena cava
- Right atrium
- Tricuspid
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary valve
Oxygenated blood exits the heart ___, whereas deoxygenated blood enters the ___ of the heart
Through the left ventricle; right atrium
The endocardium of the heart is made up of what type of epithelial tissue?
Simple squamous
Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells ___
Attach to each other via intercalated discs
Which currents are least active during the depolarization of the action potential shown in panel a?
Outward potassium current
Where is the SA node depolarizing?
PR interval
Where are the purkinje fibers depolarizing?
QRS complex
Which current is most active during the depolarization phase of the action potential in panel a?
Inward sodium current
Which current is most active during the depolarization phase of the action potential in panel b?
Inward calcium current
The correct path of action potential traveling through the conductive system of the heart is ___
- Sinoatrial node
- Internode pathways
- Contractile cells of the atria
- Bundle of his
- Left and right bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
- Contractile cells of the ventricle
Where on the ECG are the atria depolarizing?
P wave
Where on the ECG are the ventricles repolarizing?
T wave
Which of the following would increase stroke volume?
Activation of beta adrenergic receptors
A new drug is being investigated in clinical trials for its ability to increase cardiac contractile force. Which of the following mechanisms could allow this drug work by?
- Inhibiting the Na/K/ATPase
- Activating ryanodine receptors
An increase in end systolic volume will ___
Decrease stroke volume
Type 1 diabetes causes symptoms such as ___
Abnormally high blood glucose levels
Predict what would happen if a person was unable to consume iodine in their diet
They would suffer from hypothyroidism
Where can steroid receptors be found?
Inside the nucleus/cytoplasm and cell surface
A recently discovered novel hormone, that is of a relatively large size, and binds and acts via second-messenger systems receptor, converting ATP to cAMP, would be best described as what type of chemical hormone classification?
Peptide hormone
Communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is facilitated by ___
The hypophyseal portal system
Reduced heart rate, weight gain, fatigue, and feeling cold are all symptoms of ___
Hypothyroidism
Which of the following statements concerning growth hormone is not true?
It is produced by the hypothalamus but secreted by the pituitary
An individual who develops hypercalcemia would most likely respond by producing ___
Calcitonin
Which type of white blood cells is/are phagocytic?
Monocytes
The most abundant plasma proteins are ___.
Albumins
The platelet phase of blood clotting is an example of ___
Positive feedback
Which of the following are blood classification systems?
ABO and Rh
A man with O+ blood would most likely have which of the following circulating antibodies?
Anti-A and anti-B
During erythropoiesis, erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates receptors on cells located ___
In the bone marrow
Hematocrit is the ratio of ________ to whole blood volume, and a normal value is ________.
Packed red blood cells; 45%
Carbon monoxide ___
Has four binding sites on hemoglobin
Which of the following is responsible for dissolving a blood clot?
Tissue plasminogen activator
The cardiovascular system is designed to maintain ______, which ______
Sufficient blood pressure; changes as the body changes
The P to R interval in an electrocardiogram represents ______
The time required for the cardiac action potential to propagate through the ventricles
An increase in venous return to the heart will ___
Increase stroke volume
What are gap junctions responsible for?
Sharing ions between adjacent myocytes
The epicardium is the ___ layer of the heart
Superficial
The chambers of the heart are continuous with the ___ layer of the ehart
Middle
The coronary circulation ______
- Supplies blood to the heart
- Contains alternate paths for blood to flow to the same region
The contraction of the heart, is autorhythmic due to which of the following?
Pacemaker cells of the Sinoatrial (SA) node
If a person is having a myocardial infarction, that is directly affecting the region of interventricular septum of the heart, which portion of the conduction system is likely affected by the infarction?
Bundle branches
What type of cell will give rise to the action potential recording in panel b?
A sinoatrial node pacemaker cell