Integral membrane receptors

Integral membrane proteins receptors; where hormone-binding results in the activation of an intracellular G-protein (capable of binding GTP) which transduces the signal into the cell via the activity of

G-coupled secondary messenger receptors

Integral membrane proteins receptors; where hormone-binding results in the activation of an intracellular G-protein (capable of binding GTP) which transduces the signal into the cell via the activity of

Nuclear receptors

Receptors found in the cytoplasm; upon hormone binding acts as transcription factors to change the level of expression of specific target genes

Protein and peptide hormones

Hormones that are genetically encoded with their expression includes a signal peptide that targets them for cellular excretion. They are commonly synthesized in an inactive form and become activated by enzymes when needed.

Amino acid based hormones

Hormones that are not genetically encoded and are dependent on the expression of specific enzymatic pathways. They are biochemically synthesized from amino acids like tyrosine and stored within vesicles.

Fat-soluble hormones

Hormones that are steroids based are poorly water-soluble and travel through the blood bound to transport proteins. Like peptides they are not genetically encoded and rely on the expression of enzymes to produce them.

A hormone exerts its effects by ___

- Binding to receptors on the plasma membranes of target cells and triggering a change inside the cell

- Binding to receptors in the cytosol of target cells and triggering a change inside the cell

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system connects the ___

Anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Glucagon triggers actions that raise the concentration of glucose in the blood

True

The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and parathyroid hormone

False

- The thyroid hormone produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, but parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands

The thymus gland produces hormones that regulate the metabolic rate

False

- They thymus gland produces hormones that regulate the development of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), not the metabolic rate

Aldosterone triggers actions that raise the concentration of calcium ions in the blood

False

- Aldosterone triggers actions that regulate the concentration of sodium ions in the blood, not calcium ions

The posterior pituitary produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

True

Which of the following organs consists of modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons?

Adrenal medulla

Pairs of hormones with opposite actions are known as:

Antagonists

Cortisol

Main hormone of the stress response

Calcitonin

Decreases blood calcium ion concentration

Thymosin

Promotes maturation of T lymphocytes

Growth hormone

Stimulates muscle development and longitudinal bone growth

Oxytocin

Triggers uterine contraction and milk ejection

Antidiuretic hormone

Stimulates the retention of water from the kidneys

Melatonin

Promotes sleep in response to a low light level

Testosterone

Promotes sperm cell production, greater bone and muscle mass, and facial hair development

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine organ histology?

The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic acinar cells and an endocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets

Negative feedback loop

The output of a system counteracts changes to the input, maintaining stability or homeostasis

Ex: body temperature regulation and control of blood glucose

Positive feed back loop

The output reinforces the initial change, amplifying it rather than counteracting it, often leading to an escalation of the system's response

What endocrine gland is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from?

Anterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted from?

Anterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from?

Anterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted from?

Anterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is growth hormone (GH) secreted from?

Anterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is prolactin secreted from?

Anterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted from?

Posterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is oxytocin secreted from?

Posterior pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine ) secreted from?

Thyroid gland

What endocrine gland is triiodothyronine (T3) secreted from?

Thyroid gland

What endocrine gland is calcitonin secreted from?

Thyroid gland

What endocrine gland is parathyroid hormone secreted from?

Parathyroid gland

What endocrine gland is insulin secreted from?

Pancreas (pancreatic islet)

What endocrine gland is glucagon secreted from?

Pancreas (pancreatic islet)

What endocrine gland is aldosterone/mineralcorticoid secreted from?

Adrenal cortex

What endocrine gland is cortisol secreted from?

Adrenal cortex

What endocrine gland is glucocorticoid secreted from?

Adrenal cortex

What endocrine gland is catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) secreted from?

Adrenal medulla

What endocrine gland is testosterone secreted from?

Testes

What endocrine gland is estrogen and progesterone secreted from?

Ovaries (follicular cells)

Target organ of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH):

Thyroid gland

Target organ of adrenocorticotropic hormone:

Adrenal cortex

Target organ of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH):

Gonads

Target organ of luteinizing hormone (LH):

Gonads

Target organ of growth hormone (GH):

Various organs (mainly liver, kidneys, bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, and adipose cells)

Target organ of prolactin:

Mammary glands

Target organ of antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

Kidneys

Target organ of oxytocin:

Uterus and mammary glands in females, vas deferens in males

Target organ of thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine):

Various organs/cells

Target organ of triiodothyronine (T3):

Various organs/cells

Target organ of calcitonin:

Bones and kidneys

Target organ of parathyroid hormone:

Bones and kidneys

Target organ of insulin:

Various organs, main ones are liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue

Target organ of glucagon:

Liver

Target organ of aldosterone/mineralcorticoid:

Kidneys

Target organ of cortisol:

Various organs, mainly liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas

Target organ of glucocorticoid:

Various organs, mainly liver, adipose tissue, brain, and lungs

Target organ of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine):

Various, mainly the heart, lungs, eyes, and liver

Target organ of testosterone:

Various organs, mainly testes and prostate

Target organ of estrogen and progesterone:

Various organs, mainly ovaries and uterus

Function/chemical structure of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH):

Tropic hormone that stimulates the production of thyroid hormone (thyroxine/triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland, hormone is peptide based)

Function/chemical structure of adrenocorticotropic hormone:

Tropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary that induces the synthesis of steroid by the adrenal cortex, hormone is peptide based

Function/chemical structure of follicle stimulating hormone (fSH):

Tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland. Polypeptide based. Main action is to regulate gonads by regulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in males

Function/chemical structure of luteinizing hormone (LH):

- Tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland

- Polypeptide based

- Main action is to regulate gonads by regulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in males

Function/chemical structure of growth hormone (GH):

- Protein hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland

- Affects tissue growth broadly

Function/chemical structure of prolactin:

A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates milk production in mammary glands

Function/chemical structure of antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

- Peptide based hormone

- Main function is to promote water reabsorption in the renal tubules during dehydration

Function/chemical structure of oxytocin:

- Neuropeptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland

- Causes uterine contractions and vas deferens contractions in males

Function/chemical structure of thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine):

Main hormone produced by the thyroid gland

Function/chemical structure of triiodothyronine (T3):

Active form of thyroid hormone, converted from T4, mainly in peripheral tissues

Function/chemical structure of calcitonin:

- Polypeptide hormone

- Acts to regulate blood calcium levels when elevated hypercalcemia by increased diuresis and decreases reabsorption of calcium from bones, opposite effects of parathyroid hormone

Function/chemical structure of parathyroid hormone:

Released from the parathyroid to increase blood calcium levels during hypocalcemia by increasing reabsorption of calcium from bones and kidney tubules, opposite of calcitonin hormone

Function/chemical structure of insulin:

Hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas in response to an increased concentration of blood glucose in the blood. It stimulates the uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose by various tissues of the body

Function/chemical structure of glucagon:

- Peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas when glucose levels are low

- Stimulates glycogen catabolism increasing blood glucose levels

Function/chemical structure of aldosterone/mineralcorticoid:

- Hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa cells in the kidney

- Involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium concentration

Function/chemical structure of cortisol:

- Important glucocorticoid produced in the adrenal cortex

- Released in response to stress and low blood glucose levels

- Has a wide range of effects including lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and immunosuppression

Function/chemical structure of glucocorticoid:

Class of steroid hormone primarily produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Function/chemical structure of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine):

- Amino acid derivative hormones

- Activate the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response), causing a hyperarousal, ultimately causes increased blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue and nervous system

Function/chemical structure of testosterone:

- Steroid based hormone

- Plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics

Function/chemical structure of estrogen and progesterone:

- Steroid based hormones

- Affect the development and regulation of the uterus and development of secondary sexual characteristic

Whole blood consists of ___% to ___% plasma, and ___% to ___% formed elements

46; 63; 37; 54

Plasma consists of ___% water and ___% proteins

92; 7

A+

- A and Rh antigens

- B antibodies

- A+ and A- are safe blood to receive

A-

- A antigens

- B and Rh antibodies

- A- and O- are safe blood to receive

B+

- B and Rh antigens

- A antibodies

- B+, B-, O+, O- are safe blood to receive

B-

- B antigens

- A and Rh antibodies

- B- and O- are safe blood to receive

AB+ (universal receiver)

- A, B, and Rh antigens

- No antibodies

- All blood types are safe to receive

AB-

- A and B antigens

- Rh antibodies

- A-, B-, AB-, O- are safe blood to receive

O+

- Rh antigens

- A and B antibodies

- O+ and O- are safe blood to receive

O- (universal donor

- No antigens present

- A, B, and Rh antibodies present

- O- is safe blood to receive

The hematocrit is the percent of blood composed by leukocytes

False

- The hematocrit is the percent of blood composed of erythrocytes

Erythrocytes transport oxygen through the body

True

Platelets function in blood clotting

True

Monocytes are the most numerous type of leukocyte

False

- Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte

Lymphocytes are primarily involved in the allergic response

False

- Lymphocytes are primarily involved in immune response. Basophils and mast cells are more directly involved in allergic response

Which of the following correctly describes the function of albumin?

Draws water into blood vessels by osmosis

Blood type O is characterized by having ___

Neither A or B antigens

Which of the following correctly describes the actions of antibodies on erythrocytes?

Antibodies bind to antigens on the erythrocytes and agglutinate them

A person with type A blood has which of the following antibodies?

Anti-B antibodies

A person with type O1 blood has which of the following antibodies?

- Anti-A antibodies

- Anti-B antibodies

When matching a donor and recipient for a blood transfusion, we are concerned with the ___

Donor's antigens and the recipient's antibodies

Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart composed of endothelium

Parietal pericardium

Outer layer of the serous pericardium

Tricuspid valve

Structure located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Aortic valve

Structure located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Trabeculae carneae

Muscular ridges in the wall of the right ventricle

Pulmonary veins

Brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs

Mitral valve

Structure located between the left atrium and left ventricle

Visceral pericardium

Inner layer of the serous pericardium

Pulmonary arteries

Brings deoxygenated blood to the left ventricles from the lungs

Pulmonary valve

Structure located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

Systemic circuit

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients

Pulmonary circuit

Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

The pulmonary trunk ___

Receives blood from the right ventricle and delivers it to the lungs

The ___ ___ is a remnant of a hole in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart

Foramen ovale

Which of the following branches of the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and posterior left ventricle?

Circumflex artery

Which of the following transports oxygenated blood?

Pulmonary vein