Integral membrane receptors
Integral membrane proteins receptors; where hormone-binding results in the activation of an intracellular G-protein (capable of binding GTP) which transduces the signal into the cell via the activity of
G-coupled secondary messenger receptors
Integral membrane proteins receptors; where hormone-binding results in the activation of an intracellular G-protein (capable of binding GTP) which transduces the signal into the cell via the activity of
Nuclear receptors
Receptors found in the cytoplasm; upon hormone binding acts as transcription factors to change the level of expression of specific target genes
Protein and peptide hormones
Hormones that are genetically encoded with their expression includes a signal peptide that targets them for cellular excretion. They are commonly synthesized in an inactive form and become activated by enzymes when needed.
Amino acid based hormones
Hormones that are not genetically encoded and are dependent on the expression of specific enzymatic pathways. They are biochemically synthesized from amino acids like tyrosine and stored within vesicles.
Fat-soluble hormones
Hormones that are steroids based are poorly water-soluble and travel through the blood bound to transport proteins. Like peptides they are not genetically encoded and rely on the expression of enzymes to produce them.
A hormone exerts its effects by ___
- Binding to receptors on the plasma membranes of target cells and triggering a change inside the cell
- Binding to receptors in the cytosol of target cells and triggering a change inside the cell
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system connects the ___
Anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Glucagon triggers actions that raise the concentration of glucose in the blood
True
The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and parathyroid hormone
False
- The thyroid hormone produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, but parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands
The thymus gland produces hormones that regulate the metabolic rate
False
- They thymus gland produces hormones that regulate the development of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), not the metabolic rate
Aldosterone triggers actions that raise the concentration of calcium ions in the blood
False
- Aldosterone triggers actions that regulate the concentration of sodium ions in the blood, not calcium ions
The posterior pituitary produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
True
Which of the following organs consists of modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons?
Adrenal medulla
Pairs of hormones with opposite actions are known as:
Antagonists
Cortisol
Main hormone of the stress response
Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium ion concentration
Thymosin
Promotes maturation of T lymphocytes
Growth hormone
Stimulates muscle development and longitudinal bone growth
Oxytocin
Triggers uterine contraction and milk ejection
Antidiuretic hormone
Stimulates the retention of water from the kidneys
Melatonin
Promotes sleep in response to a low light level
Testosterone
Promotes sperm cell production, greater bone and muscle mass, and facial hair development
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine organ histology?
The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic acinar cells and an endocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets
Negative feedback loop
The output of a system counteracts changes to the input, maintaining stability or homeostasis
Ex: body temperature regulation and control of blood glucose
Positive feed back loop
The output reinforces the initial change, amplifying it rather than counteracting it, often leading to an escalation of the system's response
What endocrine gland is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is growth hormone (GH) secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is prolactin secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted from?
Posterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is oxytocin secreted from?
Posterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine ) secreted from?
Thyroid gland
What endocrine gland is triiodothyronine (T3) secreted from?
Thyroid gland
What endocrine gland is calcitonin secreted from?
Thyroid gland
What endocrine gland is parathyroid hormone secreted from?
Parathyroid gland
What endocrine gland is insulin secreted from?
Pancreas (pancreatic islet)
What endocrine gland is glucagon secreted from?
Pancreas (pancreatic islet)
What endocrine gland is aldosterone/mineralcorticoid secreted from?
Adrenal cortex
What endocrine gland is cortisol secreted from?
Adrenal cortex
What endocrine gland is glucocorticoid secreted from?
Adrenal cortex
What endocrine gland is catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) secreted from?
Adrenal medulla
What endocrine gland is testosterone secreted from?
Testes
What endocrine gland is estrogen and progesterone secreted from?
Ovaries (follicular cells)
Target organ of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH):
Thyroid gland
Target organ of adrenocorticotropic hormone:
Adrenal cortex
Target organ of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH):
Gonads
Target organ of luteinizing hormone (LH):
Gonads
Target organ of growth hormone (GH):
Various organs (mainly liver, kidneys, bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, and adipose cells)
Target organ of prolactin:
Mammary glands
Target organ of antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
Kidneys
Target organ of oxytocin:
Uterus and mammary glands in females, vas deferens in males
Target organ of thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine):
Various organs/cells
Target organ of triiodothyronine (T3):
Various organs/cells
Target organ of calcitonin:
Bones and kidneys
Target organ of parathyroid hormone:
Bones and kidneys
Target organ of insulin:
Various organs, main ones are liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue
Target organ of glucagon:
Liver
Target organ of aldosterone/mineralcorticoid:
Kidneys
Target organ of cortisol:
Various organs, mainly liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas
Target organ of glucocorticoid:
Various organs, mainly liver, adipose tissue, brain, and lungs
Target organ of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine):
Various, mainly the heart, lungs, eyes, and liver
Target organ of testosterone:
Various organs, mainly testes and prostate
Target organ of estrogen and progesterone:
Various organs, mainly ovaries and uterus
Function/chemical structure of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH):
Tropic hormone that stimulates the production of thyroid hormone (thyroxine/triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland, hormone is peptide based)
Function/chemical structure of adrenocorticotropic hormone:
Tropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary that induces the synthesis of steroid by the adrenal cortex, hormone is peptide based
Function/chemical structure of follicle stimulating hormone (fSH):
Tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland. Polypeptide based. Main action is to regulate gonads by regulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in males
Function/chemical structure of luteinizing hormone (LH):
- Tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland
- Polypeptide based
- Main action is to regulate gonads by regulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in males
Function/chemical structure of growth hormone (GH):
- Protein hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland
- Affects tissue growth broadly
Function/chemical structure of prolactin:
A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates milk production in mammary glands
Function/chemical structure of antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
- Peptide based hormone
- Main function is to promote water reabsorption in the renal tubules during dehydration
Function/chemical structure of oxytocin:
- Neuropeptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland
- Causes uterine contractions and vas deferens contractions in males
Function/chemical structure of thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine):
Main hormone produced by the thyroid gland
Function/chemical structure of triiodothyronine (T3):
Active form of thyroid hormone, converted from T4, mainly in peripheral tissues
Function/chemical structure of calcitonin:
- Polypeptide hormone
- Acts to regulate blood calcium levels when elevated hypercalcemia by increased diuresis and decreases reabsorption of calcium from bones, opposite effects of parathyroid hormone
Function/chemical structure of parathyroid hormone:
Released from the parathyroid to increase blood calcium levels during hypocalcemia by increasing reabsorption of calcium from bones and kidney tubules, opposite of calcitonin hormone
Function/chemical structure of insulin:
Hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas in response to an increased concentration of blood glucose in the blood. It stimulates the uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose by various tissues of the body
Function/chemical structure of glucagon:
- Peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas when glucose levels are low
- Stimulates glycogen catabolism increasing blood glucose levels
Function/chemical structure of aldosterone/mineralcorticoid:
- Hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa cells in the kidney
- Involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium concentration
Function/chemical structure of cortisol:
- Important glucocorticoid produced in the adrenal cortex
- Released in response to stress and low blood glucose levels
- Has a wide range of effects including lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and immunosuppression
Function/chemical structure of glucocorticoid:
Class of steroid hormone primarily produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
Function/chemical structure of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine):
- Amino acid derivative hormones
- Activate the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response), causing a hyperarousal, ultimately causes increased blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue and nervous system
Function/chemical structure of testosterone:
- Steroid based hormone
- Plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics
Function/chemical structure of estrogen and progesterone:
- Steroid based hormones
- Affect the development and regulation of the uterus and development of secondary sexual characteristic
Whole blood consists of ___% to ___% plasma, and ___% to ___% formed elements
46; 63; 37; 54
Plasma consists of ___% water and ___% proteins
92; 7
A+
- A and Rh antigens
- B antibodies
- A+ and A- are safe blood to receive
A-
- A antigens
- B and Rh antibodies
- A- and O- are safe blood to receive
B+
- B and Rh antigens
- A antibodies
- B+, B-, O+, O- are safe blood to receive
B-
- B antigens
- A and Rh antibodies
- B- and O- are safe blood to receive
AB+ (universal receiver)
- A, B, and Rh antigens
- No antibodies
- All blood types are safe to receive
AB-
- A and B antigens
- Rh antibodies
- A-, B-, AB-, O- are safe blood to receive
O+
- Rh antigens
- A and B antibodies
- O+ and O- are safe blood to receive
O- (universal donor
- No antigens present
- A, B, and Rh antibodies present
- O- is safe blood to receive
The hematocrit is the percent of blood composed by leukocytes
False
- The hematocrit is the percent of blood composed of erythrocytes
Erythrocytes transport oxygen through the body
True
Platelets function in blood clotting
True
Monocytes are the most numerous type of leukocyte
False
- Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte
Lymphocytes are primarily involved in the allergic response
False
- Lymphocytes are primarily involved in immune response. Basophils and mast cells are more directly involved in allergic response
Which of the following correctly describes the function of albumin?
Draws water into blood vessels by osmosis
Blood type O is characterized by having ___
Neither A or B antigens
Which of the following correctly describes the actions of antibodies on erythrocytes?
Antibodies bind to antigens on the erythrocytes and agglutinate them
A person with type A blood has which of the following antibodies?
Anti-B antibodies
A person with type O1 blood has which of the following antibodies?
- Anti-A antibodies
- Anti-B antibodies
When matching a donor and recipient for a blood transfusion, we are concerned with the ___
Donor's antigens and the recipient's antibodies
Endocardium
Inner layer of the heart composed of endothelium
Parietal pericardium
Outer layer of the serous pericardium
Tricuspid valve
Structure located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Aortic valve
Structure located between the left ventricle and the aorta
Trabeculae carneae
Muscular ridges in the wall of the right ventricle
Pulmonary veins
Brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs
Mitral valve
Structure located between the left atrium and left ventricle
Visceral pericardium
Inner layer of the serous pericardium
Pulmonary arteries
Brings deoxygenated blood to the left ventricles from the lungs
Pulmonary valve
Structure located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Systemic circuit
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients
Pulmonary circuit
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
The pulmonary trunk ___
Receives blood from the right ventricle and delivers it to the lungs
The ___ ___ is a remnant of a hole in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart
Foramen ovale
Which of the following branches of the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and posterior left ventricle?
Circumflex artery
Which of the following transports oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein