front 1 Integral membrane receptors | back 1 Integral membrane proteins receptors; where hormone-binding results in the activation of an intracellular G-protein (capable of binding GTP) which transduces the signal into the cell via the activity of |
front 2 G-coupled secondary messenger receptors | back 2 Integral membrane proteins receptors; where hormone-binding results in the activation of an intracellular G-protein (capable of binding GTP) which transduces the signal into the cell via the activity of |
front 3 Nuclear receptors | back 3 Receptors found in the cytoplasm; upon hormone binding acts as transcription factors to change the level of expression of specific target genes |
front 4 Protein and peptide hormones | back 4 Hormones that are genetically encoded with their expression includes a signal peptide that targets them for cellular excretion. They are commonly synthesized in an inactive form and become activated by enzymes when needed. |
front 5 Amino acid based hormones | back 5 Hormones that are not genetically encoded and are dependent on the expression of specific enzymatic pathways. They are biochemically synthesized from amino acids like tyrosine and stored within vesicles. |
front 6 Fat-soluble hormones | back 6 Hormones that are steroids based are poorly water-soluble and travel through the blood bound to transport proteins. Like peptides they are not genetically encoded and rely on the expression of enzymes to produce them. |
front 7 A hormone exerts its effects by ___ | back 7 - Binding to receptors on the plasma membranes of target cells and triggering a change inside the cell - Binding to receptors in the cytosol of target cells and triggering a change inside the cell |
front 8 The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system connects the ___ | back 8 Anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus |
front 9 Glucagon triggers actions that raise the concentration of glucose in the blood | back 9 True |
front 10 The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and parathyroid hormone | back 10 False - The thyroid hormone produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, but parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands |
front 11 The thymus gland produces hormones that regulate the metabolic rate | back 11 False - They thymus gland produces hormones that regulate the development of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), not the metabolic rate |
front 12 Aldosterone triggers actions that raise the concentration of calcium ions in the blood | back 12 False - Aldosterone triggers actions that regulate the concentration of sodium ions in the blood, not calcium ions |
front 13 The posterior pituitary produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone | back 13 True |
front 14 Which of the following organs consists of modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons? | back 14 Adrenal medulla |
front 15 Pairs of hormones with opposite actions are known as: | back 15 Antagonists |
front 16 Cortisol | back 16 Main hormone of the stress response |
front 17 Calcitonin | back 17 Decreases blood calcium ion concentration |
front 18 Thymosin | back 18 Promotes maturation of T lymphocytes |
front 19 Growth hormone | back 19 Stimulates muscle development and longitudinal bone growth |
front 20 Oxytocin | back 20 Triggers uterine contraction and milk ejection |
front 21 Antidiuretic hormone | back 21 Stimulates the retention of water from the kidneys |
front 22 Melatonin | back 22 Promotes sleep in response to a low light level |
front 23 Testosterone | back 23 Promotes sperm cell production, greater bone and muscle mass, and facial hair development |
front 24 Which of the following is true regarding endocrine organ histology? | back 24 The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic acinar cells and an endocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets |
front 25 Negative feedback loop | back 25 The output of a system counteracts changes to the input, maintaining stability or homeostasis Ex: body temperature regulation and control of blood glucose |
front 26 Positive feed back loop | back 26 The output reinforces the initial change, amplifying it rather than counteracting it, often leading to an escalation of the system's response |
front 27 What endocrine gland is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from? | back 27 Anterior pituitary gland |
front 28 What endocrine gland is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted from? | back 28 Anterior pituitary gland |
front 29 What endocrine gland is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from? | back 29 Anterior pituitary gland |
front 30 What endocrine gland is luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted from? | back 30 Anterior pituitary gland |
front 31 What endocrine gland is growth hormone (GH) secreted from? | back 31 Anterior pituitary gland |
front 32 What endocrine gland is prolactin secreted from? | back 32 Anterior pituitary gland |
front 33 What endocrine gland is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted from? | back 33 Posterior pituitary gland |
front 34 What endocrine gland is oxytocin secreted from? | back 34 Posterior pituitary gland |
front 35 What endocrine gland is thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine ) secreted from? | back 35 Thyroid gland |
front 36 What endocrine gland is triiodothyronine (T3) secreted from? | back 36 Thyroid gland |
front 37 What endocrine gland is calcitonin secreted from? | back 37 Thyroid gland |
front 38 What endocrine gland is parathyroid hormone secreted from? | back 38 Parathyroid gland |
front 39 What endocrine gland is insulin secreted from? | back 39 Pancreas (pancreatic islet) |
front 40 What endocrine gland is glucagon secreted from? | back 40 Pancreas (pancreatic islet) |
front 41 What endocrine gland is aldosterone/mineralcorticoid secreted from? | back 41 Adrenal cortex |
front 42 What endocrine gland is cortisol secreted from? | back 42 Adrenal cortex |
front 43 What endocrine gland is glucocorticoid secreted from? | back 43 Adrenal cortex |
front 44 What endocrine gland is catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) secreted from? | back 44 Adrenal medulla |
front 45 What endocrine gland is testosterone secreted from? | back 45 Testes |
front 46 What endocrine gland is estrogen and progesterone secreted from? | back 46 Ovaries (follicular cells) |
front 47 Target organ of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): | back 47 Thyroid gland |
front 48 Target organ of adrenocorticotropic hormone: | back 48 Adrenal cortex |
front 49 Target organ of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): | back 49 Gonads |
front 50 Target organ of luteinizing hormone (LH): | back 50 Gonads |
front 51 Target organ of growth hormone (GH): | back 51 Various organs (mainly liver, kidneys, bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, and adipose cells) |
front 52 Target organ of prolactin: | back 52 Mammary glands |
front 53 Target organ of antidiuretic hormone (ADH): | back 53 Kidneys |
front 54 Target organ of oxytocin: | back 54 Uterus and mammary glands in females, vas deferens in males |
front 55 Target organ of thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine): | back 55 Various organs/cells |
front 56 Target organ of triiodothyronine (T3): | back 56 Various organs/cells |
front 57 Target organ of calcitonin: | back 57 Bones and kidneys |
front 58 Target organ of parathyroid hormone: | back 58 Bones and kidneys |
front 59 Target organ of insulin: | back 59 Various organs, main ones are liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue |
front 60 Target organ of glucagon: | back 60 Liver |
front 61 Target organ of aldosterone/mineralcorticoid: | back 61 Kidneys |
front 62 Target organ of cortisol: | back 62 Various organs, mainly liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas |
front 63 Target organ of glucocorticoid: | back 63 Various organs, mainly liver, adipose tissue, brain, and lungs |
front 64 Target organ of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine): | back 64 Various, mainly the heart, lungs, eyes, and liver |
front 65 Target organ of testosterone: | back 65 Various organs, mainly testes and prostate |
front 66 Target organ of estrogen and progesterone: | back 66 Various organs, mainly ovaries and uterus |
front 67 Function/chemical structure of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): | back 67 Tropic hormone that stimulates the production of thyroid hormone (thyroxine/triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland, hormone is peptide based) |
front 68 Function/chemical structure of adrenocorticotropic hormone: | back 68 Tropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary that induces the synthesis of steroid by the adrenal cortex, hormone is peptide based |
front 69 Function/chemical structure of follicle stimulating hormone (fSH): | back 69 Tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland. Polypeptide based. Main action is to regulate gonads by regulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in males |
front 70 Function/chemical structure of luteinizing hormone (LH): | back 70 - Tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland - Polypeptide based - Main action is to regulate gonads by regulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in males |
front 71 Function/chemical structure of growth hormone (GH): | back 71 - Protein hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland - Affects tissue growth broadly |
front 72 Function/chemical structure of prolactin: | back 72 A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates milk production in mammary glands |
front 73 Function/chemical structure of antidiuretic hormone (ADH): | back 73 - Peptide based hormone - Main function is to promote water reabsorption in the renal tubules during dehydration |
front 74 Function/chemical structure of oxytocin: | back 74 - Neuropeptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland - Causes uterine contractions and vas deferens contractions in males |
front 75 Function/chemical structure of thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine): | back 75 Main hormone produced by the thyroid gland |
front 76 Function/chemical structure of triiodothyronine (T3): | back 76 Active form of thyroid hormone, converted from T4, mainly in peripheral tissues |
front 77 Function/chemical structure of calcitonin: | back 77 - Polypeptide hormone - Acts to regulate blood calcium levels when elevated hypercalcemia by increased diuresis and decreases reabsorption of calcium from bones, opposite effects of parathyroid hormone |
front 78 Function/chemical structure of parathyroid hormone: | back 78 Released from the parathyroid to increase blood calcium levels during hypocalcemia by increasing reabsorption of calcium from bones and kidney tubules, opposite of calcitonin hormone |
front 79 Function/chemical structure of insulin: | back 79 Hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas in response to an increased concentration of blood glucose in the blood. It stimulates the uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose by various tissues of the body |
front 80 Function/chemical structure of glucagon: | back 80 - Peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas when glucose levels are low - Stimulates glycogen catabolism increasing blood glucose levels |
front 81 Function/chemical structure of aldosterone/mineralcorticoid: | back 81 - Hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa cells in the kidney - Involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium concentration |
front 82 Function/chemical structure of cortisol: | back 82 - Important glucocorticoid produced in the adrenal cortex - Released in response to stress and low blood glucose levels - Has a wide range of effects including lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and immunosuppression |
front 83 Function/chemical structure of glucocorticoid: | back 83 Class of steroid hormone primarily produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex |
front 84 Function/chemical structure of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine): | back 84 - Amino acid derivative hormones - Activate the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response), causing a hyperarousal, ultimately causes increased blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue and nervous system |
front 85 Function/chemical structure of testosterone: | back 85 - Steroid based hormone - Plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics |
front 86 Function/chemical structure of estrogen and progesterone: | back 86 - Steroid based hormones - Affect the development and regulation of the uterus and development of secondary sexual characteristic |
front 87 Whole blood consists of ___% to ___% plasma, and ___% to ___% formed elements | back 87 46; 63; 37; 54 |
front 88 Plasma consists of ___% water and ___% proteins | back 88 92; 7 |
front 89 A+ | back 89 - A and Rh antigens - B antibodies - A+ and A- are safe blood to receive |
front 90 A- | back 90 - A antigens - B and Rh antibodies - A- and O- are safe blood to receive |
front 91 B+ | back 91 - B and Rh antigens - A antibodies - B+, B-, O+, O- are safe blood to receive |
front 92 B- | back 92 - B antigens - A and Rh antibodies - B- and O- are safe blood to receive |
front 93 AB+ (universal receiver) | back 93 - A, B, and Rh antigens - No antibodies - All blood types are safe to receive |
front 94 AB- | back 94 - A and B antigens - Rh antibodies - A-, B-, AB-, O- are safe blood to receive |
front 95 O+ | back 95 - Rh antigens - A and B antibodies - O+ and O- are safe blood to receive |
front 96 O- (universal donor | back 96 - No antigens present - A, B, and Rh antibodies present - O- is safe blood to receive |
front 97 The hematocrit is the percent of blood composed by leukocytes | back 97 False - The hematocrit is the percent of blood composed of erythrocytes |
front 98 Erythrocytes transport oxygen through the body | back 98 True |
front 99 Platelets function in blood clotting | back 99 True |
front 100 Monocytes are the most numerous type of leukocyte | back 100 False - Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte |
front 101 Lymphocytes are primarily involved in the allergic response | back 101 False - Lymphocytes are primarily involved in immune response. Basophils and mast cells are more directly involved in allergic response |
front 102 Which of the following correctly describes the function of albumin? | back 102 Draws water into blood vessels by osmosis |
front 103 Blood type O is characterized by having ___ | back 103 Neither A or B antigens |
front 104 Which of the following correctly describes the actions of antibodies on erythrocytes? | back 104 Antibodies bind to antigens on the erythrocytes and agglutinate them |
front 105 A person with type A blood has which of the following antibodies? | back 105 Anti-B antibodies |
front 106 A person with type O1 blood has which of the following antibodies? | back 106 - Anti-A antibodies - Anti-B antibodies |
front 107 When matching a donor and recipient for a blood transfusion, we are concerned with the ___ | back 107 Donor's antigens and the recipient's antibodies |
front 108 Endocardium | back 108 Inner layer of the heart composed of endothelium |
front 109 Parietal pericardium | back 109 Outer layer of the serous pericardium |
front 110 Tricuspid valve | back 110 Structure located between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
front 111 Aortic valve | back 111 Structure located between the left ventricle and the aorta |
front 112 Trabeculae carneae | back 112 Muscular ridges in the wall of the right ventricle |
front 113 Pulmonary veins | back 113 Brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs |
front 114 Mitral valve | back 114 Structure located between the left atrium and left ventricle |
front 115 Visceral pericardium | back 115 Inner layer of the serous pericardium |
front 116 Pulmonary arteries | back 116 Brings deoxygenated blood to the left ventricles from the lungs |
front 117 Pulmonary valve | back 117 Structure located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
front 118 Systemic circuit | back 118 Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients |
front 119 Pulmonary circuit | back 119 Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation |
front 120 The pulmonary trunk ___ | back 120 Receives blood from the right ventricle and delivers it to the lungs |
front 121 The ___ ___ is a remnant of a hole in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart | back 121 Foramen ovale |
front 122 Which of the following branches of the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and posterior left ventricle? | back 122 Circumflex artery |
front 123 Which of the following transports oxygenated blood? | back 123 Pulmonary vein |