LIFE 103 Exam 3
Animal
Multicellular
heterotrophic
eukaryotic
no cell walls
Body plans
Morphological and developmental traits defining an organisms structure
Symmetry
external appearance characteristics; ideal vs natural form concept
Bilateral symmetry
Two-sided symmetry with dorsal, ventral ,right, left, anterior, posterior sides
Radial symmetry
Reflected over infinite planes
Cinadaria and ctenophora (not truly)
Diploblastic
Organisms with two germ layers in early development
ectoderm and endoderm
cnidarians and ctenophora
Triploblastic
Organisms with three germ layers in early development
endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
bilaterians
Protostome Development
Mouth first
spiral cleavage
deterministic development
Deuterostome Development
Anus first
radial cleavage
indeterminate development
Determinate development
Cells specialize early
can't develop if split up
Indeterminate Development
Zygote produces identical daughter cells
each can form new organisms
cells don't specialize till later in life
Tissues
Specialized cells grouped into collections isolated by membranous layers
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage
Gastrula
Embryo has one end fold inward and layers of tissues form
Gastrulation
Inner digestive, lung/liver tissues
Ectoderm
Outer dermal and nervous tissue
Mesoderm
Innermost
organs and muscles
Coelom
Fluid or air-filled space separating digestive tract from body wall
arises from mesoderm (true coelom)
Coelomates
True coleom
has mesoderm
Psuedocoelomates
Endoderm and mesoderm only
Acoelomates
No body cavity
Choanoflagellates
Closest living relatives to animals
colonial
aquatic
similar cells in sponges
Animal Phylogenic history
Old
Diverged from fungi 1 billion years ago
Neoproterozoic era
1 billion to 542 million years ago
eduacaran biota
Paleozoic era
542 to 251 million years ago
Cambrian explosion
First fossils of arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms
Mesozoic Era
251 to 65.5 million years ago
dinosaurs and coral
Cenozoic Era
65.5 million years ago to the present
mammal diversity
Cambrian explosion
Most animal phyla
48 million years ago
body plans
tissues
Eumetazoa
Clade of animals with true tissues
Bilateria
Clade of animals with bilateral symmetry
MADS box gene
Controls growth and organization of structure
Invertebrates
Protostomes and deuterstomes
no backbones
Proifera
Basal animals
no true tissues
no symmetry
sponges
Porifera reproduction
Hermaphrodites
gametes from choanocytes or amoebocytes
eggs stay in mesophyll
broadcast spawning
free swimming larvae that mature on substrate
Sequential hermaphroditism
An individual reverses its sex during its lifetime
sponges
Amoebocyte
Mobile cells
transport nutrients between cells, transform into other cell types, and enable sexual reproduction
Choanocyte
Flagellated cells that beat to move water through sponge
filter out food
Osculum
Large central cavity of the sponge
Spicules
Particles of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges
Cnidaria
Eumetazoans
diploblastic
jellies
hydra
Polyp
Juvenile stage
anchored
tentacles up
Medusa
Bell shaped
sometimes triploblastic
Nematocyst
stinging cells in cnidocyte
inject venom via threaf
Hydrozoans
Cnidarian
polyp stage
fresh and salt water
budding
Scyphozoans
Medusa
Pelagic species lack a polyp stage
most are jellies
Portuguese man
Hyrdozoa (Cnidarian)
colonial
Scyhozoan
Cnidarian
medusa
no polyp
most are jellies
Cubozoans
Cnidarian
Box
Medusa
Toxic cnidocytes
complete eyes
Anthozoans
No medusa only polyp
sessile
anemone and corals
Lophotrochozoa
Protostomes
triploblastic
no molting
trochophore larvae stage
lophophore feeding structure
Lophotrochozoa Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida
Platyhelminthes
Protostomes- Lophotrochozoan
acoelomates
diffusion
ladder with gastrovascular cavity
2 nerve cords
Tuberellians
Marine planarians
asexual fission or hermaphrodites
(fertilize each other)
Monogeans
Parasites of fish
Trematodes
Complex life cycles
sexual, asexual, and hermaphroditic
Phylum Rotifera
Protstomes-lophotrochozoan
psudeocoelomates
alimentary canal
parthenogenesis
suspended animation-take in DNA
from other organisms
Phylum Mollsuca
Shells
protostomes-Lophotrochozoa
Coelomates
foot mantle and radula
gastropods
bivalves
cephalopods
Mantle
Folded tissue
Covers visceral mass and body
cavity
secretes shell
Alimentary canal
Tube from mouth to anus
Parthenogenesis
A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg
rotifers
Radula
Feeding organ
covered in teeth
scrapes algae off rocks
Gastropods
Snails and slugs
largest class
torsion
Bivalves
2 part shell hinged
no head or radula
filter feeding
Torsion
Rotates visceral mass
anus near head
Cephalapods
Generally shelless
closed circulation
complex eyes
smart
Chromatophores
Pigment cells for color changing
cephalopods
Photophore
Bioluminescence organ
Phylum Annelidia
Protstomes-Lophotrochozoa
segmented worms
coelomates
Class Oligochaeta
Annelids
earthworms
hermophroditic/asexual
5 hearts
Class polycha
Annelids
parapodia-movement
marine
Hirudin
Leeches
parasites, predators, detritivores
freshwater
Phylum Nematoda
Protostomes-Ecdysozoans
no circulation
alimentary canal
separate sexes
parasites-heart hook pin worms
Phylum Arthropoda
Protostomes-Ecdysozoans
Numerous
cambrian
Arthropod Characteristics
Cuticle/exoskeleton
sensory organs
open circulatory system
gas exchange
jointed appendages
Exoskeleton
Chitin
molting
Support and anti dessication
Open circulation in artropods
Hemolymph pumped to heart via sinuses and organs
Gas exchange in arthropods
Gills and internal organs
Arthropods body plans
Segmented body
exoskeleton
jointed appendages
Homeotic genes
Provide information for location of structures
mutation=misplaced structures
MADS box gene
Homeotic gene in animals
grow overtime
HOX/HOM genes
Homeotic genes in animals
grow overtime
HOX HOM Gene nunmbers
4 invertebrates
8 rat finned fish
2 drosophila
1 echindoerms
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Arthropods
2 point body
cephalothorax
abdomen
no antennae
arachnids
Arachnid cephalothorax
6 pair appendages
1 pair of chelicerae
1 pair of pedipalps
4 pair of legs
Chelicerae
Mouthparts in chelicerates
fangs inject venom and digest prey outside body
Subphylum myriapoda
Arthropods
millipedes/centipedes
antennae
3 pairs of modified appendages
Millipedes
2 pairs of legs per segment
detritivores
Centipedes
1 pair of legs per segment
carnivores
venomous claws
Subphylum hexapoda
Arthropods
insects and springtails
6 legs
flight
Insects
Metamorphosis
Coleoptera
Diptera
Hymenoptera
Orthoptera
Coleoptera
Beetles
complete metamorphosis
Diptera
Flies and mosquitos
complete metamorphosis
Hymenoptera
Ants, bees, wasps
complete metamorphosis
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
incomplete metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
Larva looks very different from adult
separate environments
Incomplete metamorphosis
Nymphs looks like adult
Subphylum Crustacea
Cuticle/gills
isopods
decapods
copepods
varying appendages
Isopods
Crustacea
rolly pollies
Decapods
Crustacea
lobster crab shrimp
carapace
cephalothorax
Carapace
Crustacea
hard cuticle on dorsal part of cephalothorax
decapods
Copepods
Crustacea
Krill
planktonic crustaceans
Echinoderms
Deuterstomes
Bilateria
water vascular system
skeletons made of calcite (calcium carbonate)
Echinoderms water vascular system use
Movement
feeding
gas exchange
Echinoderms reproduction
Sexual
fragmentation
broadcast
Chrodates
Bilateral
deuterostomes
Urochordates
Cephalochordates
Chordate Chara
A notochord
a dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
post-anal tail
Notochord
Long cartilage rod between the nerve cord and digestive tube
support
reduced in adults
Nerve cord
Embryonic ectoderm rolled into tube
above the notochord
develops into the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Pharyngeal slits
Grooves in pharynx
suspension feeding
gas exchange in non legged vertebrates
cephalization
Post-anal tails
Sometimes reduced in adults
skeletal and muscular
propel and balance
Cephaliochordata
Non vertebrates
no bones
retain notochord
deuterstomes
lenceletes
Urochordata
Nonvertebrate
no bones
notochord reduced in adults
deuterstomes
tunicates
Craniates 8 traites
Head and skull
brain
eyes
sensory organs
neural crest
2 chambered heart
RBCs/hemoglobin
kidneys
Mynxini
Least derived
hagfish
cartilaginous skull
axial cartilage from notochord
no jaws/vertebrates
Vertebrates
Craniates with backbone
enclosed spinal cord
comples skill
Cephalaspidomorphi
Jawless vertebrates
lampreys
Gnathostomes
Vertebrates
Jaws
Larger forebrain= better sight/smell
lateral line
Lateral line
Sense vibrations
Chrondrichthes
Vertebrates
Cartilaginous fish
Lost bones
shark, rays, skates
Oviparous
Egg laying
Oviviparous
Egg stays in female body until hatched
looks like live birth
Viviparous
embryo develops in uterus and yolk
is nourished directly by mother
Osteiochthyes
Vertebrates
bony fish
tetrapods
bony endoskeleton
operculum protects gills
swim bladders
Operculum
Protects gills
Sacropterygii clade
Vertebrates
Osteroichythes
Lobe finned fish
muscular pelvic fins
coelocanths
lungfish
tetrapods
Tetrapods
Vertebrates
4 limbed
digits
ears
limbs from lobed fins
Tetrapod Classes
Amphibia
amniota
mammalia
Class Amphibia
Aquatic larvae and eggs
Terrestrial adult
skin for gas exchange
external fertilization
Caudata
Amphibia
tails
salamanders
Anura
Amphibia
no tails
frogs
Apoda
Legless amphibians
Class amniota
tetrapods
reptiles, birds, mammals
amniotic egg
impermeable skin
rib cage for lung expansion
extra-embryonic membranes
Extra embryonic membrane
yolk sac, amnion, chorion
Clade reptilia
Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, tuataras, and birds/ dinos
scaly skin to reduce water loss
shelled terrestrial eggs
ectothermic (not birds)
Squamates
Reptiles
Lizards and snakes
Rhynochocephalia
Reptiles
tuataras
Archosaurs
Reptilian
crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds
Bird 9 traits
wings
keratin feathers for insulation
no bladder
4 chambered heart
endotherms
1 ovary
small gonads
no teeth
hollow bones
Class mammila
Amniotes
mammaries/milk
hair
big brain relative to body
different teeth type
3 mammal lineages
montremes
marsupials
palcentals
monotre
egg laying mammals (platypss, echidna)
Maruspials
Embryo forms in utero
matures in pouch
Eutheria
True mammals
placentals
full term in utero pregnancy
primates
Primates
Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
humans
hands and feet for grasping
Homonids
primates
closer to humans than chimps
upright
bipedal
big brains
language/symbolic thought
tool production and use
short jaw
short Gi tract
anatomy
The study of form and structure
Physiology
Study of function
Exchange in 2 cells body
Diffusion
Exhvnage in complex organs
Folded internal surfaces for more surface area
Interstitial fluids
fluid between cells
conduct material
Organization of tissues
Specialized cells
functional tissues
organs
organ systems
orgnaisms
Dorsal body cavity
Skull and vertebrae
Ventral
Ribcage and sternum
divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic by diaphram
Thoracic cavity
Heart and lungs
Heart cavity
Pericardial cavity
Lung cavity
plueral cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Organs
Peritoneal cavity
coelom
4 tissue types
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
epithelial
Outside of body
lines organs/cavities
Shapes of epithelium
Squamous
cuboidal
columnar
Squamous
Flattened
diffusion
circulation and lungs
Cuboidal
cube
transport, secrete, absorb
glands
Columnar
Column shaped
protect, secrete, absorb
GI and respitory
Arrangement of epitelium
simple: 1 cell thick
stratified: mutiple layers
pseudostratified: uneven thickness of one layer
Connective tissue
From mesoderm
proper and special
Matrix of connective tissue
Fibers and ground substances and extracellular material
separate cells
Fibroblasts
Secrete matrix
Connective tissue proper
Loose and dense
Loose connective tissue
Holds epithelium to lower tissue and organs in place
cells scattered within matrix
strengthened by protein fibers
collagen
elastin
reticulin
Collagen
Supports tissue
Elastin
Elasticity
Reticulin
Supports collagen
Dense connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments
Special connective tissue
Cartilage, bone, blood
Blood
Blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
Bone
Collagen
hydroxyapatite
at equal amounts
Osteoblasts
Build bone
Vascular bone
Marrow generates red and white blood cells
Joint types
Ball and socket
hinge
gliding
combo (jaw)
Muscle fibers
make up musxle tissue
move with nerve stimulus
3 types of muscle
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
adipose tissue
fat
in loose connective
Hydrostatic skeleton
use of muscle contraction to pressurize body fluids
Intramembranous bone
Forms within a layer of connective tissue
Endochondral bones
Originates with a cartilaginous model
replaced with bone tissue
Countercurrent exchange
Blood in the gills flows opposite the direction of water to maintain a gradient difference and maximize gas exchange