front 1 Animal | back 1 Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic no cell walls |
front 2 Body plans | back 2 Morphological and developmental traits defining an organisms structure |
front 3 Symmetry | back 3 external appearance characteristics; ideal vs natural form concept |
front 4 Bilateral symmetry | back 4 Two-sided symmetry with dorsal, ventral ,right, left, anterior, posterior sides |
front 5 Radial symmetry | back 5 Reflected over infinite planes Cinadaria and ctenophora (not truly) |
front 6 Diploblastic | back 6 Organisms with two germ layers in early development ectoderm and endoderm cnidarians and ctenophora |
front 7 Triploblastic | back 7 Organisms with three germ layers in early development endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm bilaterians |
front 8 Protostome Development | back 8 Mouth first spiral cleavage deterministic development |
front 9 Deuterostome Development | back 9 Anus first radial cleavage indeterminate development |
front 10 Determinate development | back 10 Cells specialize early can't develop if split up |
front 11 Indeterminate Development | back 11 Zygote produces identical daughter cells each can form new organisms cells don't specialize till later in life |
front 12 Tissues | back 12 Specialized cells grouped into collections isolated by membranous layers |
front 13 Blastula | back 13 Hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage |
front 14 Gastrula | back 14 Embryo has one end fold inward and layers of tissues form |
front 15 Gastrulation | back 15 Inner digestive, lung/liver tissues |
front 16 Ectoderm | back 16 Outer dermal and nervous tissue |
front 17 Mesoderm | back 17 Innermost organs and muscles |
front 18 Coelom | back 18 Fluid or air-filled space separating digestive tract from body wall arises from mesoderm (true coelom) |
front 19 Coelomates | back 19 True coleom has mesoderm |
front 20 Psuedocoelomates | back 20 Endoderm and mesoderm only |
front 21 Acoelomates | back 21 No body cavity |
front 22 Choanoflagellates | back 22 Closest living relatives to animals colonial aquatic similar cells in sponges |
front 23 Animal Phylogenic history | back 23 Old Diverged from fungi 1 billion years ago |
front 24 Neoproterozoic era | back 24 1 billion to 542 million years ago eduacaran biota |
front 25 Paleozoic era | back 25 542 to 251 million years ago Cambrian explosion First fossils of arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms |
front 26 Mesozoic Era | back 26 251 to 65.5 million years ago dinosaurs and coral |
front 27 Cenozoic Era | back 27 65.5 million years ago to the present mammal diversity |
front 28 Cambrian explosion | back 28 Most animal phyla 48 million years ago body plans tissues |
front 29 Eumetazoa | back 29 Clade of animals with true tissues |
front 30 Bilateria | back 30 Clade of animals with bilateral symmetry |
front 31 MADS box gene | back 31 Controls growth and organization of structure |
front 32 Invertebrates | back 32 Protostomes and deuterstomes no backbones |
front 33 Proifera | back 33 Basal animals no true tissues no symmetry sponges |
front 34 Porifera reproduction | back 34 Hermaphrodites gametes from choanocytes or amoebocytes eggs stay in mesophyll broadcast spawning free swimming larvae that mature on substrate |
front 35 Sequential hermaphroditism | back 35 An individual reverses its sex during its lifetime sponges |
front 36 Amoebocyte | back 36 Mobile cells transport nutrients between cells, transform into other cell types, and enable sexual reproduction |
front 37 Choanocyte | back 37 Flagellated cells that beat to move water through sponge filter out food |
front 38 Osculum | back 38 Large central cavity of the sponge |
front 39 Spicules | back 39 Particles of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges |
front 40 Cnidaria | back 40 Eumetazoans diploblastic jellies hydra |
front 41 Polyp | back 41 Juvenile stage anchored tentacles up |
front 42 Medusa | back 42 Bell shaped sometimes triploblastic |
front 43 Nematocyst | back 43 stinging cells in cnidocyte inject venom via threaf |
front 44 Hydrozoans | back 44 Cnidarian polyp stage fresh and salt water budding |
front 45 Scyphozoans | back 45 Medusa Pelagic species lack a polyp stage most are jellies |
front 46 Portuguese man | back 46 Hyrdozoa (Cnidarian) colonial |
front 47 Scyhozoan | back 47 Cnidarian medusa no polyp most are jellies |
front 48 Cubozoans | back 48 Cnidarian Box Medusa Toxic cnidocytes complete eyes |
front 49 Anthozoans | back 49 No medusa only polyp sessile anemone and corals |
front 50 Lophotrochozoa | back 50 Protostomes triploblastic no molting trochophore larvae stage lophophore feeding structure |
front 51 Lophotrochozoa Phylum | back 51 Platyhelminthes Rotifera Mollusca Annelida |
front 52 Platyhelminthes | back 52 Protostomes- Lophotrochozoan acoelomates diffusion ladder with gastrovascular cavity 2 nerve cords |
front 53 Tuberellians | back 53 Marine planarians asexual fission or hermaphrodites (fertilize each other) |
front 54 Monogeans | back 54 Parasites of fish |
front 55 Trematodes | back 55 Complex life cycles sexual, asexual, and hermaphroditic |
front 56 Phylum Rotifera | back 56 Protstomes-lophotrochozoan psudeocoelomates alimentary canal parthenogenesis suspended animation-take in DNA from other organisms |
front 57 Phylum Mollsuca | back 57 Shells protostomes-Lophotrochozoa Coelomates foot mantle and radula gastropods bivalves cephalopods |
front 58 Mantle | back 58 Folded tissue Covers visceral mass and body cavity secretes shell |
front 59 Alimentary canal | back 59 Tube from mouth to anus |
front 60 Parthenogenesis | back 60 A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg rotifers |
front 61 Radula | back 61 Feeding organ covered in teeth scrapes algae off rocks |
front 62 Gastropods | back 62 Snails and slugs largest class torsion |
front 63 Bivalves | back 63 2 part shell hinged no head or radula filter feeding |
front 64 Torsion | back 64 Rotates visceral mass anus near head |
front 65 Cephalapods | back 65 Generally shelless closed circulation complex eyes smart |
front 66 Chromatophores | back 66 Pigment cells for color changing cephalopods |
front 67 Photophore | back 67 Bioluminescence organ |
front 68 Phylum Annelidia | back 68 Protstomes-Lophotrochozoa segmented worms coelomates |
front 69 Class Oligochaeta | back 69 Annelids earthworms hermophroditic/asexual 5 hearts |
front 70 Class polycha | back 70 Annelids parapodia-movement marine |
front 71 Hirudin | back 71 Leeches parasites, predators, detritivores freshwater |
front 72 Phylum Nematoda | back 72 Protostomes-Ecdysozoans no circulation alimentary canal separate sexes parasites-heart hook pin worms |
front 73 Phylum Arthropoda | back 73 Protostomes-Ecdysozoans Numerous cambrian |
front 74 Arthropod Characteristics | back 74 Cuticle/exoskeleton sensory organs open circulatory system gas exchange jointed appendages |
front 75 Exoskeleton | back 75 Chitin molting Support and anti dessication |
front 76 Open circulation in artropods | back 76 Hemolymph pumped to heart via sinuses and organs |
front 77 Gas exchange in arthropods | back 77 Gills and internal organs |
front 78 Arthropods body plans | back 78 Segmented body exoskeleton jointed appendages |
front 79 Homeotic genes | back 79 Provide information for location of structures mutation=misplaced structures |
front 80 MADS box gene | back 80 Homeotic gene in animals grow overtime |
front 81 HOX/HOM genes | back 81 Homeotic genes in animals grow overtime |
front 82 HOX HOM Gene nunmbers | back 82 4 invertebrates 8 rat finned fish 2 drosophila 1 echindoerms |
front 83 Subphylum Cheliceriformes | back 83 Arthropods 2 point body cephalothorax abdomen no antennae arachnids |
front 84 Arachnid cephalothorax | back 84 6 pair appendages 1 pair of chelicerae 1 pair of pedipalps 4 pair of legs |
front 85 Chelicerae | back 85 Mouthparts in chelicerates fangs inject venom and digest prey outside body |
front 86 Subphylum myriapoda | back 86 Arthropods millipedes/centipedes antennae 3 pairs of modified appendages |
front 87 Millipedes | back 87 2 pairs of legs per segment detritivores |
front 88 Centipedes | back 88 1 pair of legs per segment carnivores venomous claws |
front 89 Subphylum hexapoda | back 89 Arthropods insects and springtails 6 legs flight |
front 90 Insects | back 90 Metamorphosis Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Orthoptera |
front 91 Coleoptera | back 91 Beetles complete metamorphosis |
front 92 Diptera | back 92 Flies and mosquitos complete metamorphosis |
front 93 Hymenoptera | back 93 Ants, bees, wasps complete metamorphosis |
front 94 Orthoptera | back 94 Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids incomplete metamorphosis |
front 95 Complete metamorphosis | back 95 Larva looks very different from adult separate environments |
front 96 Incomplete metamorphosis | back 96 Nymphs looks like adult |
front 97 Subphylum Crustacea | back 97 Cuticle/gills isopods decapods copepods varying appendages |
front 98 Isopods | back 98 Crustacea rolly pollies |
front 99 Decapods | back 99 Crustacea lobster crab shrimp carapace cephalothorax |
front 100 Carapace | back 100 Crustacea hard cuticle on dorsal part of cephalothorax decapods |
front 101 Copepods | back 101 Crustacea Krill planktonic crustaceans |
front 102 Echinoderms | back 102 Deuterstomes Bilateria water vascular system skeletons made of calcite (calcium carbonate) |
front 103 Echinoderms water vascular system use | back 103 Movement feeding gas exchange |
front 104 Echinoderms reproduction | back 104 Sexual fragmentation broadcast |
front 105 Chrodates | back 105 Bilateral deuterostomes Urochordates Cephalochordates |
front 106 Chordate Chara | back 106 A notochord a dorsal hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits post-anal tail |
front 107 Notochord | back 107 Long cartilage rod between the nerve cord and digestive tube support reduced in adults |
front 108 Nerve cord | back 108 Embryonic ectoderm rolled into tube above the notochord develops into the brain and spinal cord (CNS) |
front 109 Pharyngeal slits | back 109 Grooves in pharynx suspension feeding gas exchange in non legged vertebrates cephalization |
front 110 Post-anal tails | back 110 Sometimes reduced in adults skeletal and muscular propel and balance |
front 111 Cephaliochordata | back 111 Non vertebrates no bones retain notochord deuterstomes lenceletes |
front 112 Urochordata | back 112 Nonvertebrate no bones notochord reduced in adults deuterstomes tunicates |
front 113 Craniates 8 traites | back 113 Head and skull brain eyes sensory organs neural crest 2 chambered heart RBCs/hemoglobin kidneys |
front 114 Mynxini | back 114 Least derived hagfish cartilaginous skull axial cartilage from notochord no jaws/vertebrates |
front 115 Vertebrates | back 115 Craniates with backbone enclosed spinal cord comples skill |
front 116 Cephalaspidomorphi | back 116 Jawless vertebrates lampreys |
front 117 Gnathostomes | back 117 Vertebrates Jaws Larger forebrain= better sight/smell lateral line |
front 118 Lateral line | back 118 Sense vibrations |
front 119 Chrondrichthes | back 119 Vertebrates Cartilaginous fish Lost bones shark, rays, skates |
front 120 Oviparous | back 120 Egg laying |
front 121 Oviviparous | back 121 Egg stays in female body until hatched looks like live birth |
front 122 Viviparous | back 122 embryo develops in uterus and yolk is nourished directly by mother |
front 123 Osteiochthyes | back 123 Vertebrates bony fish tetrapods bony endoskeleton operculum protects gills swim bladders |
front 124 Operculum | back 124 Protects gills |
front 125 Sacropterygii clade | back 125 Vertebrates Osteroichythes Lobe finned fish muscular pelvic fins coelocanths lungfish tetrapods |
front 126 Tetrapods | back 126 Vertebrates 4 limbed digits ears limbs from lobed fins |
front 127 Tetrapod Classes | back 127 Amphibia amniota mammalia |
front 128 Class Amphibia | back 128 Aquatic larvae and eggs Terrestrial adult skin for gas exchange external fertilization |
front 129 Caudata | back 129 Amphibia tails salamanders |
front 130 Anura | back 130 Amphibia no tails frogs |
front 131 Apoda | back 131 Legless amphibians |
front 132 Class amniota | back 132 tetrapods reptiles, birds, mammals amniotic egg impermeable skin rib cage for lung expansion extra-embryonic membranes |
front 133 Extra embryonic membrane | back 133 yolk sac, amnion, chorion |
front 134 Clade reptilia | back 134 Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, tuataras, and birds/ dinos scaly skin to reduce water loss shelled terrestrial eggs ectothermic (not birds) |
front 135 Squamates | back 135 Reptiles Lizards and snakes |
front 136 Rhynochocephalia | back 136 Reptiles tuataras |
front 137 Archosaurs | back 137 Reptilian crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds |
front 138 Bird 9 traits | back 138 wings keratin feathers for insulation no bladder 4 chambered heart endotherms 1 ovary small gonads no teeth hollow bones |
front 139 Class mammila | back 139 Amniotes mammaries/milk hair big brain relative to body different teeth type |
front 140 3 mammal lineages | back 140 montremes marsupials palcentals |
front 141 monotre | back 141 egg laying mammals (platypss, echidna) |
front 142 Maruspials | back 142 Embryo forms in utero matures in pouch |
front 143 Eutheria | back 143 True mammals placentals full term in utero pregnancy primates |
front 144 Primates | back 144 Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes humans hands and feet for grasping |
front 145 Homonids | back 145 primates closer to humans than chimps upright bipedal big brains language/symbolic thought tool production and use short jaw short Gi tract |
front 146 anatomy | back 146 The study of form and structure |
front 147 Physiology | back 147 Study of function |
front 148 Exchange in 2 cells body | back 148 Diffusion |
front 149 Exhvnage in complex organs | back 149 Folded internal surfaces for more surface area |
front 150 Interstitial fluids | back 150 fluid between cells conduct material |
front 151 Organization of tissues | back 151 Specialized cells functional tissues organs organ systems orgnaisms |
front 152 Dorsal body cavity | back 152 Skull and vertebrae |
front 153 Ventral | back 153 Ribcage and sternum divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic by diaphram |
front 154 Thoracic cavity | back 154 Heart and lungs |
front 155 Heart cavity | back 155 Pericardial cavity |
front 156 Lung cavity | back 156 plueral cavity |
front 157 Abdominopelvic cavity | back 157 Organs |
front 158 Peritoneal cavity | back 158 coelom |
front 159 4 tissue types | back 159 epithelial connective muscular nervous |
front 160 epithelial | back 160 Outside of body lines organs/cavities |
front 161 Shapes of epithelium | back 161 Squamous cuboidal columnar |
front 162 Squamous | back 162 Flattened diffusion circulation and lungs |
front 163 Cuboidal | back 163 cube transport, secrete, absorb glands |
front 164 Columnar | back 164 Column shaped protect, secrete, absorb GI and respitory |
front 165 Arrangement of epitelium | back 165 simple: 1 cell thick stratified: mutiple layers pseudostratified: uneven thickness of one layer |
front 166 Connective tissue | back 166 From mesoderm proper and special |
front 167 Matrix of connective tissue | back 167 Fibers and ground substances and extracellular material separate cells |
front 168 Fibroblasts | back 168 Secrete matrix |
front 169 Connective tissue proper | back 169 Loose and dense |
front 170 Loose connective tissue | back 170 Holds epithelium to lower tissue and organs in place cells scattered within matrix strengthened by protein fibers collagen elastin reticulin |
front 171 Collagen | back 171 Supports tissue |
front 172 Elastin | back 172 Elasticity |
front 173 Reticulin | back 173 Supports collagen |
front 174 Dense connective tissue | back 174 Tendons and ligaments |
front 175 Special connective tissue | back 175 Cartilage, bone, blood |
front 176 Blood | back 176 Blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma |
front 177 Bone | back 177 Collagen hydroxyapatite at equal amounts |
front 178 Osteoblasts | back 178 Build bone |
front 179 Vascular bone | back 179 Marrow generates red and white blood cells |
front 180 Joint types | back 180 Ball and socket hinge gliding combo (jaw) |
front 181 Muscle fibers | back 181 make up musxle tissue move with nerve stimulus |
front 182 3 types of muscle | back 182 skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
front 183 adipose tissue | back 183 fat in loose connective |
front 184 Hydrostatic skeleton | back 184 use of muscle contraction to pressurize body fluids |
front 185 Intramembranous bone | back 185 Forms within a layer of connective tissue |
front 186 Endochondral bones | back 186 Originates with a cartilaginous model replaced with bone tissue |
front 187 Countercurrent exchange | back 187 Blood in the gills flows opposite the direction of water to maintain a gradient difference and maximize gas exchange |