LIFE 103 Exam 3 Flashcards

Multicellular

heterotrophic

eukaryotic

no cell walls

Morphological and developmental traits defining an organisms structure

external appearance characteristics; ideal vs natural form concept

Two-sided symmetry with dorsal, ventral ,right, left, anterior, posterior sides

Reflected over infinite planes

Cinadaria and ctenophora (not truly)

Organisms with two germ layers in early development

ectoderm and endoderm

cnidarians and ctenophora

Organisms with three germ layers in early development

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

bilaterians

Mouth first

spiral cleavage

deterministic development

Anus first

radial cleavage

indeterminate development

Cells specialize early

can't develop if split up

Zygote produces identical daughter cells

each can form new organisms

cells don't specialize till later in life

Specialized cells grouped into collections isolated by membranous layers

Hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage

Embryo has one end fold inward and layers of tissues form

Inner digestive, lung/liver tissues

Outer dermal and nervous tissue

Innermost

organs and muscles

Fluid or air-filled space separating digestive tract from body wall

arises from mesoderm (true coelom)

True coleom

has mesoderm

Endoderm and mesoderm only

No body cavity

Closest living relatives to animals

colonial

aquatic

similar cells in sponges

Old

Diverged from fungi 1 billion years ago

1 billion to 542 million years ago

eduacaran biota

542 to 251 million years ago

Cambrian explosion

First fossils of arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms

251 to 65.5 million years ago

dinosaurs and coral

65.5 million years ago to the present

mammal diversity

Most animal phyla

48 million years ago

body plans

tissues

Clade of animals with true tissues

Clade of animals with bilateral symmetry

Controls growth and organization of structure

Protostomes and deuterstomes

no backbones

Basal animals

no true tissues

no symmetry

sponges

Hermaphrodites

gametes from choanocytes or amoebocytes

eggs stay in mesophyll

broadcast spawning

free swimming larvae that mature on substrate

An individual reverses its sex during its lifetime

sponges

Mobile cells

transport nutrients between cells, transform into other cell types, and enable sexual reproduction

Flagellated cells that beat to move water through sponge

filter out food

Large central cavity of the sponge

Particles of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges

Eumetazoans

diploblastic

jellies

hydra

Juvenile stage

anchored

tentacles up

Bell shaped

sometimes triploblastic

stinging cells in cnidocyte

inject venom via threaf

Cnidarian

polyp stage

fresh and salt water

budding

Medusa

Pelagic species lack a polyp stage

most are jellies

Hyrdozoa (Cnidarian)

colonial

Cnidarian

medusa

no polyp

most are jellies

Cnidarian

Box

Medusa

Toxic cnidocytes

complete eyes

No medusa only polyp

sessile

anemone and corals

Protostomes

triploblastic

no molting

trochophore larvae stage

lophophore feeding structure

Platyhelminthes

Rotifera

Mollusca

Annelida

Protostomes- Lophotrochozoan

acoelomates

diffusion

ladder with gastrovascular cavity

2 nerve cords

Marine planarians

asexual fission or hermaphrodites

(fertilize each other)

Parasites of fish

Complex life cycles

sexual, asexual, and hermaphroditic

Protstomes-lophotrochozoan

psudeocoelomates

alimentary canal

parthenogenesis

suspended animation-take in DNA

from other organisms

Shells

protostomes-Lophotrochozoa

Coelomates

foot mantle and radula

gastropods

bivalves

cephalopods

Folded tissue

Covers visceral mass and body

cavity

secretes shell

Tube from mouth to anus

A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg

rotifers

Feeding organ

covered in teeth

scrapes algae off rocks

Snails and slugs

largest class

torsion

2 part shell hinged

no head or radula

filter feeding

Rotates visceral mass

anus near head

Generally shelless

closed circulation

complex eyes

smart

Pigment cells for color changing

cephalopods

Bioluminescence organ

Protstomes-Lophotrochozoa

segmented worms

coelomates

Annelids

earthworms

hermophroditic/asexual

5 hearts

Annelids

parapodia-movement

marine

Leeches

parasites, predators, detritivores

freshwater

Protostomes-Ecdysozoans

no circulation

alimentary canal

separate sexes

parasites-heart hook pin worms

Protostomes-Ecdysozoans

Numerous

cambrian

Cuticle/exoskeleton

sensory organs

open circulatory system

gas exchange

jointed appendages

Chitin

molting

Support and anti dessication

Hemolymph pumped to heart via sinuses and organs

Gills and internal organs

Segmented body

exoskeleton

jointed appendages

Provide information for location of structures

mutation=misplaced structures

Homeotic gene in animals

grow overtime

Homeotic genes in animals

grow overtime

4 invertebrates

8 rat finned fish

2 drosophila

1 echindoerms

Arthropods

2 point body

cephalothorax

abdomen

no antennae

arachnids

6 pair appendages

1 pair of chelicerae

1 pair of pedipalps

4 pair of legs

Mouthparts in chelicerates

fangs inject venom and digest prey outside body

Arthropods

millipedes/centipedes

antennae

3 pairs of modified appendages

2 pairs of legs per segment

detritivores

1 pair of legs per segment

carnivores

venomous claws

Arthropods

insects and springtails

6 legs

flight

Metamorphosis

Coleoptera

Diptera

Hymenoptera

Orthoptera

Beetles

complete metamorphosis

Flies and mosquitos

complete metamorphosis

Ants, bees, wasps

complete metamorphosis

Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

incomplete metamorphosis

Larva looks very different from adult

separate environments

Nymphs looks like adult

Cuticle/gills

isopods

decapods

copepods

varying appendages

Crustacea

rolly pollies

Crustacea

lobster crab shrimp

carapace

cephalothorax

Crustacea

hard cuticle on dorsal part of cephalothorax

decapods

Crustacea

Krill

planktonic crustaceans

Deuterstomes

Bilateria

water vascular system

skeletons made of calcite (calcium carbonate)

Movement

feeding

gas exchange

Sexual

fragmentation

broadcast

Bilateral

deuterostomes

Urochordates

Cephalochordates

A notochord

a dorsal hollow nerve cord

pharyngeal slits

post-anal tail

Long cartilage rod between the nerve cord and digestive tube

support

reduced in adults

Embryonic ectoderm rolled into tube

above the notochord

develops into the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

Grooves in pharynx

suspension feeding

gas exchange in non legged vertebrates

cephalization

Sometimes reduced in adults

skeletal and muscular

propel and balance

Non vertebrates

no bones

retain notochord

deuterstomes

lenceletes

Nonvertebrate

no bones

notochord reduced in adults

deuterstomes

tunicates

Head and skull

brain

eyes

sensory organs

neural crest

2 chambered heart

RBCs/hemoglobin

kidneys

Least derived

hagfish

cartilaginous skull

axial cartilage from notochord

no jaws/vertebrates

Craniates with backbone

enclosed spinal cord

comples skill

Jawless vertebrates

lampreys

Vertebrates

Jaws

Larger forebrain= better sight/smell

lateral line

Sense vibrations

Vertebrates

Cartilaginous fish

Lost bones

shark, rays, skates

Egg laying

Egg stays in female body until hatched

looks like live birth

embryo develops in uterus and yolk

is nourished directly by mother

Vertebrates

bony fish

tetrapods

bony endoskeleton

operculum protects gills

swim bladders

Protects gills

Vertebrates

Osteroichythes

Lobe finned fish

muscular pelvic fins

coelocanths

lungfish

tetrapods

Vertebrates

4 limbed

digits

ears

limbs from lobed fins

Amphibia

amniota

mammalia

Aquatic larvae and eggs

Terrestrial adult

skin for gas exchange

external fertilization

Amphibia

tails

salamanders

Amphibia

no tails

frogs

Legless amphibians

tetrapods

reptiles, birds, mammals

amniotic egg

impermeable skin

rib cage for lung expansion

extra-embryonic membranes

yolk sac, amnion, chorion

Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, tuataras, and birds/ dinos

scaly skin to reduce water loss

shelled terrestrial eggs

ectothermic (not birds)

Reptiles

Lizards and snakes

Reptiles

tuataras

Reptilian

crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds

wings

keratin feathers for insulation

no bladder

4 chambered heart

endotherms

1 ovary

small gonads

no teeth

hollow bones

Amniotes

mammaries/milk

hair

big brain relative to body

different teeth type

montremes

marsupials

palcentals

egg laying mammals (platypss, echidna)

Embryo forms in utero

matures in pouch

True mammals

placentals

full term in utero pregnancy

primates

Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

humans

hands and feet for grasping

primates

closer to humans than chimps

upright

bipedal

big brains

language/symbolic thought

tool production and use

short jaw

short Gi tract

The study of form and structure

Study of function

Diffusion

Folded internal surfaces for more surface area

fluid between cells

conduct material

Specialized cells

functional tissues

organs

organ systems

orgnaisms

Skull and vertebrae

Ribcage and sternum

divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic by diaphram

Heart and lungs

Pericardial cavity

plueral cavity

Organs

coelom

epithelial

connective

muscular

nervous

Outside of body

lines organs/cavities

Squamous

cuboidal

columnar

Flattened

diffusion

circulation and lungs

cube

transport, secrete, absorb

glands

Column shaped

protect, secrete, absorb

GI and respitory

simple: 1 cell thick

stratified: mutiple layers

pseudostratified: uneven thickness of one layer

From mesoderm

proper and special

Fibers and ground substances and extracellular material

separate cells

Secrete matrix

Loose and dense

Holds epithelium to lower tissue and organs in place

cells scattered within matrix

strengthened by protein fibers

collagen

elastin

reticulin

Supports tissue

Elasticity

Supports collagen

Tendons and ligaments

Cartilage, bone, blood

Blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma

Collagen

hydroxyapatite

at equal amounts

Build bone

Marrow generates red and white blood cells

Ball and socket

hinge

gliding

combo (jaw)

make up musxle tissue

move with nerve stimulus

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

fat

in loose connective

use of muscle contraction to pressurize body fluids

Forms within a layer of connective tissue

Originates with a cartilaginous model

replaced with bone tissue

Blood in the gills flows opposite the direction of water to maintain a gradient difference and maximize gas exchange