Identify the accessory organs of the GI tract

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Esophagus extends from to what?

from the throat to the stomach

Esophagus is how long?

10-13 inches

Esophagus position relative to the trachea

behind the trachea

The type of muscle on its superior part relative to other parts of the GIT

striated muscle

Whether esophagus contains both an upper and lower sphincter

True

Whether esophagus contains mucous glands producing thick lubricating coat of mucus

True

Ascending colon

Originates at the ileocecal valve; is retroperitoneal

Transverse colon

Originates at the right colic feature; is intraperitoneal

Sigmoid colon

Terminates at the rectum; is intreaperitoneal

Descending colon

Originates at the left colic flexure; is retroperitoneal

Type of digestion in the mouth

Mechanical

Agent of digestion in stomach

Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes that break down food. Muscles of your stomach mix the food with these digestive juices.

Pancreatic agents for digestion in small intestine

Pancreas makes a digestive juice that has enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Location of intestinal gents completing digestion in small intestine

The ileum

Protein Digestion and Absorption

The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with mechanical digestion. Once the stomach, pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase continue the breakdown of proteins. The brush border of the small intestine will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.

Carbohydrate targets

pancreatic amylase, dextrinase, glucoamylase, lactase, salivary amylase, maltase, sucrase

Lipid targets

bile salts, lecithin, lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase

Protein targets

HCl, trypsin, dipeptidase, aminopeptidase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Liver functions

Synthesis of lipoproteins, deamination, and glycogenolysis

Essential amino acids

Must come from food, supplied by complete proteins, 8 out of 20

Non-essential amino acids

May be made in the body and 12 out of 20

Carohydrates

Composed of monosaccharides, Glycogen, and Glucose

Lipids

Steriods, Hydrophobic, and Eicosanoids

Proteins

Most structurally and functionally diverse molecules

Indicate the sources of complete protein from the items on the list

Yogurt, milk, eggs, and cheese

Protein Liver Metabolism

Formation of albumin and transanimation

Lipid Liver Metabolism

Beta-oxidation, Lipolysis, Lipogenesis, and Chlolesterol synthesis

Carbohydrate Liver Metabolism

Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis

From a given list, select a principal source of body heat

Muscle contraction, Evaporation, and chemical reactions associated with cellular activity

The function of Bile

carry away waste and break down fats during digestion

Gastric Chief cells

The gastric gland cells secreting the enzyme for protein digestion

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

The acid released by gastric cells for the activation of the protein-digestion enzyme

Pepsin

The name of the active form of the protein-digestion enzyme

Large Intestine

Tenia coli, Cecum, Descending colon, Haustra, Ascending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, and Transverse colon

Small Intestine

Villi, Jejunum, Microvilli, Ileum, Lacteals, and Duodenum

Carbohydrates monomer(s) to which it is broken down by chemical digestion

Monosaccharides

Lipids monomer to which it is broken down by chemical digestion

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

Proteins monomer to which it is broken down by chemical digestion

Amino Acids

Nucleic acids monomer to which it is broken down by chemical digestion

Nucleotides

Rank into 1 through 3 in order from largest to smallest the small intestine anatomical structures that increase its surface area for maximum absorption.

Circular folds, Villi, and Microvilli

From a list of layers, identify the tunics (layers) that make up the gastrointestinal wall

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular layer, and serosa

Whether the process of substances moving through the epithelial cells lining the GI tract wall and into blood or lymph is called secretion

False

Whether completion of all carbohydrate digestion occurs only in the small intestine with enzymes secreted from the pancreas

false

Whether the muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer

FAlse

Whether the liver stores, concentrates, and releases bile into the duodenum

FalSe