Identify the accessory organs of the GI tract
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Esophagus extends from to what?
from the throat to the stomach
Esophagus is how long?
10-13 inches
Esophagus position relative to the trachea
behind the trachea
The type of muscle on its superior part relative to other parts of the GIT
striated muscle
Whether esophagus contains both an upper and lower sphincter
True
Whether esophagus contains mucous glands producing thick lubricating coat of mucus
True
Ascending colon
Originates at the ileocecal valve; is retroperitoneal
Transverse colon
Originates at the right colic feature; is intraperitoneal
Sigmoid colon
Terminates at the rectum; is intreaperitoneal
Descending colon
Originates at the left colic flexure; is retroperitoneal
Type of digestion in the mouth
Mechanical
Agent of digestion in stomach
Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes that break down food. Muscles of your stomach mix the food with these digestive juices.
Pancreatic agents for digestion in small intestine
Pancreas makes a digestive juice that has enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Location of intestinal gents completing digestion in small intestine
The ileum
Protein Digestion and Absorption
The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with mechanical digestion. Once the stomach, pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase continue the breakdown of proteins. The brush border of the small intestine will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.
Carbohydrate targets
pancreatic amylase, dextrinase, glucoamylase, lactase, salivary amylase, maltase, sucrase
Lipid targets
bile salts, lecithin, lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase
Protein targets
HCl, trypsin, dipeptidase, aminopeptidase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
Liver functions
Synthesis of lipoproteins, deamination, and glycogenolysis
Essential amino acids
Must come from food, supplied by complete proteins, 8 out of 20
Non-essential amino acids
May be made in the body and 12 out of 20
Carohydrates
Composed of monosaccharides, Glycogen, and Glucose
Lipids
Steriods, Hydrophobic, and Eicosanoids
Proteins
Most structurally and functionally diverse molecules
Indicate the sources of complete protein from the items on the list
Yogurt, milk, eggs, and cheese
Protein Liver Metabolism
Formation of albumin and transanimation
Lipid Liver Metabolism
Beta-oxidation, Lipolysis, Lipogenesis, and Chlolesterol synthesis
Carbohydrate Liver Metabolism
Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis
From a given list, select a principal source of body heat
Muscle contraction, Evaporation, and chemical reactions associated with cellular activity
The function of Bile
carry away waste and break down fats during digestion
Gastric Chief cells
The gastric gland cells secreting the enzyme for protein digestion
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
The acid released by gastric cells for the activation of the protein-digestion enzyme
Pepsin
The name of the active form of the protein-digestion enzyme
Large Intestine
Tenia coli, Cecum, Descending colon, Haustra, Ascending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, and Transverse colon
Small Intestine
Villi, Jejunum, Microvilli, Ileum, Lacteals, and Duodenum
Carbohydrates monomer(s) to which it is broken down by chemical digestion
Monosaccharides
Lipids monomer to which it is broken down by chemical digestion
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Proteins monomer to which it is broken down by chemical digestion
Amino Acids
Nucleic acids monomer to which it is broken down by chemical digestion
Nucleotides
Rank into 1 through 3 in order from largest to smallest the small intestine anatomical structures that increase its surface area for maximum absorption.
Circular folds, Villi, and Microvilli
From a list of layers, identify the tunics (layers) that make up the gastrointestinal wall
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular layer, and serosa
Whether the process of substances moving through the epithelial cells lining the GI tract wall and into blood or lymph is called secretion
False
Whether completion of all carbohydrate digestion occurs only in the small intestine with enzymes secreted from the pancreas
false
Whether the muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer
FAlse
Whether the liver stores, concentrates, and releases bile into the duodenum
FalSe