The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called:

glycolysis

What are the forms of carbohydrates?

Sugars, starches, and cellulose

How do carbohydrates exist in the body?

Glucose (blood) and glycogen (liver and muscles)

What is the primary source of energy in the body?

Carbohydrates

How many calories does one gram of carbohydrates yield?

4 calories.

What happens to the store glycogen when cell activity increases?

Glycogen is broken down to glucose and released in the blood to be used as a source of energy.

Do the nervous system cells prefer the use of glucose or lipids as a energy source?

Glucose

What form of energy source can red blood cells use?

Only glucose

Where do carbohydrates come from?

Product of photosynthesis

What is photosynthesis?

Use of water, minerals from the soil, carbon dioxide from the environment, and light from the sun form carbohydrates

Gluconeogenesis is

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, for example, amino acids, glycerol, and lactate.

Glycolysis is

the conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate and then CO2 and H2O.

Glycogen is stored in the:

Liver.

Which of the following is the primary hypoglycemic hormone?

Glucagon

Which of the following hormones does NOT stimulate glycogenolysis?

Insulin

A patient's low glucose, increased insulin, and increased C_peptide is caused by:

Insulinoma.

The only hormone that causes a decrease in blood glucose levels is:

Insulin

Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Obesity and physical inactivity

Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells?

Type 1

All of the following are associated with gestational diabetes EXCEPT

Is diagnosed using the same glucose tolerance criteria as in nonpregnant women.

All of the following are confirmatory of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:

Urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL

Complications of diabetes mellitus include all of the following EXCEPT

Hepatitis.

Instructions for patients preparing for a glucose tolerance tests include all of the following EXCEPT:

Caffeine and smoking are permitted before and during the test.

A patient with an insulinoma may exhibit dizziness and fainting attributable to:

Hypoglycemia.

What type of hypoglycemia is exhibited 8 hours after a meal?

Fasting

All of the following statements about clinical hypoglycemia are true EXCEPT:

High fasting insulin levels must be present to make a diagnosis. 19) Select the enzyme that is most specific for β_D glucose. -Glucose oxidase

Glucose concentration in serum is:

Higher than the concentration in whole blood.

In a specimen collected for plasma glucose analysis, sodium fluoride

Inhibits glycolysis.

Which of the following 2 hour glucose results would be classified as impaired glucose tolerance?

160 mg/dL

The glucose concentration in normal cerebrospinal fluid is:

60/75% of the plasma glucose concentration.

If a patient's serum glucose is 100 mg/dL, what would you expect the cerebrospinal fluid glucose to read?

68 mg/dL

A sneaky diabetic tried to lower her glucose by working out and watching her diet 1 or 2 days before her appointment. The rest of the time she spent the day in front of the television and eating chocolates. What test could the doctor order to detect this type of behavior?

A glycosylated hemoglobin

Of the following blood glucose levels, which would you expect to result in glucose in the urine?

200 mg/dL

Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a glucose of:
A. <70 mg/DL
B. <60 mg/DL
C. <55 mg/DL
D. <45 mg/dl

D. <45 mg/dl

The preparation of a patient for standard glucose tolerance testing s should include:
A. A high carbohydrate diet for three days
B. A low carbohydrate diet for three days
C. Fasting for 48 hours prior to testing
D. Bed rest for three days

A

The fasting glucose was 90mg/DL, which of the following 2 hour postprandial glucose results would most closely represent normal glucose metabolism?
A. 55mg/DL
B. 100mg/DL
C. 180mg/DL
D. 260mg/dl

B

A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/DL would have a simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid off:
A. 25 mg/DL
B. 50 mg/dl
C. 100 mg/DL
D. 150 mg/dl

B

Cerebrospinal fluid for glucose assay should be:
A. Refrigerated
B. Analyzed immediately
C. Heated to 56*C
D. Stored at room temperature after centrifugation

B. Analyzed immediately

Which of the following 2 hour postprandial glucose value demonstrates unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes mellitus
A. 160 mg/DL
B. 170 mg/DL
C. 180 mg/DL
D. 200 mg/d

D

The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called:
A. Glycogensis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Gluconeoensis
D. Glycolysis

D

What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency?
A. H2 breath test
B. Plasma aldolase test
C. LDH level
D. D-xylose test

A

A 1 year old girl with hypolipoproteinemia and lipase deficiency has the following lipid profile:
Cholesterol 300mg/DL
Ldl increased
Hdl decreased
Triglycerides 200 mg/DL
Chylomicrons present
A serum specimen from this patient was refrigerated overnight would m most likely be:
A. Clear
B. Cloudy
C. Creamy layer over cloudy serum
D. Creamy layer over clear serum

D. Creamy layer over clear serum

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of:
A. Cholesterol
B. Total protein
C. Chylomicrons
D. Albumin

C

A 24 hour urine specimen (total volume =1136 ml) is submitted to the laboratory for q quantitative urine protein. Calculate the amount of protein excreted per day, if the total protein is 52 mg/DL
A. 591 mg
B. 487 mg
C. 220 mg
D. 282 mg

A

Which to the following if the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
A. Pk a= pH +log ([acid]/[salt])
B. Pk a= pH +log ([salt]/[acid])
C. pH= pka +log ([acid]/[salt])
D. pH= pka +log ([salt]/[acid])

D

Which of the following hemoglobins has glucose 6 phosphate on the beta chain?

A1c

The first step for all three pathways requires glucose to be converted into___________

glucose-6-phosphate

The conversation of glucose to glucose -6-phospahte is catalyzed by ________

hexokinase

Monosaccharides are ________

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form

Disaccharides are formed when two ____________

monosaccharides units are joined together by a glycosidic linkage

Glucogenesis is pretty straight forward it converts____________

Glucose-6-phospahte into glucose-1-phospahte. Formation of glucose-6-phospahte from non carbohydrate source

The liver synthesizes the enzyme ________ without this enzyme glucose would be trapped in the glycolytic pathway

Glucose-6-phospahte

Glycogenolysis is the process by which ___________

glycogen is converted back into Glucose-6-phospahte for entry into the glycolytic pathway

Lipogenesis is the ________

conversation of carbohydrates yo fatty acids

Lipolysis is the ___________

decomposition of fat

During a brief fast _______

glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through glycogenolysis

Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for the _____________

entry of glucose into the cell and therefore reducing blood glucose levels.

Glycogenesis is the _________

conversation of glucose to glycogen for storage

Insulin is the only hormone the decrease glucose levels and can be refereed to as ______________

hypoglycemic

Glucagon acts by increasing blood glucose levels by glycogenolysis in the liver it can be referred to as ____________

hyperglycemic

Somatostatin _________

increases plasma glucose levels by inhibition of insulin and other hormones

A normal fasting plasma glucose levels would be ________

100 mg/dL

Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Obesity and physical inactivity

Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells?

Type 1

All of the following are confirmatory of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:

Urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL

A patient with an insulinoma may exhibit dizziness and fainting attributable to:

Hypoglycemia

In the Hexokinase method for glucose determinations, the actual end product measured is the:

NADPH + H+ produced from the reduction of NADP.

A sneaky diabetic tried to lower her glucose by working out and watching her diet 1 or 2 days before her appointment. The rest of the time she spent the day in front of the television and eating chocolates. What test could the doctor order to detect this type of behavior?

A glycosylated hemoglobin A1C

Which of the following lipids are derivatives of fatty acids comprised of 20 C atoms including a 5 C cyclopentane ring?

Prostaglandins

Which of the following lipid fractions are very large molecules with a low density and give plasma a milky appearance when present in increased amounts?

Chylomicrons

In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cholesterol and triglycerides

Increased.

Laboratory findings of hyperglycemia

decreased or absents insulin

What is the normal range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test?

<140 mg/dL

What is the impaired range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test?

140-199 mg/dL

What is the provisional diabetes diagnosis range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test?

>200 mg/dL

What is the normal range of fasting plasma glucose?

70-99 mg/dL

What is the impaired range of fasting plasma glucose?

100-125 mg/dL

What is the provisional diabetes diagnosis range of fasting plasma glucose?

>126 mg/dL

Hypoglycemic indicates___________

decreased plasma glucose levels. Cause deprivation of brain fuel which can result in impaired judgment and seizures, coma and death

Postprandial

occurring after a meal.

genetic defects in the carbohydrate metabolism is _______

glucose-6-phospahte deficiency type 1 also known as von gierke disease

Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term or low birth weight infants are:

a) the same as adults
b) lower than adults
c) the same as a normal full-term infant
d) higher than a normal full-term infant

b) lower than adults

How do you test for glucose tolerance levels?

Patient should first be fasting for 10 hours. Patient takes a 75 g glucose load and then glucose is measured two hours later.

Long term blood glucose levels can be measured by ___________

glycosylated hemoglobin

________ are the large, lipid-rich transport vessels that ferry their cargo of dietary triglycerides, The main oil in the body

chylomicrons

The _________ are like tanker trucks, redistributing triglyceride to peripheral cells mostly during fasting for energy needs or storage as fat

VLDLs (very low density lipoprotein)

The ______ are rich in cholesterol which starts out as VLDLs and are like almost empty cargo which deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells and return to the liver

LDLs (low density lipoprotein)

____________ is a disease state associated with abnormal serum lipids

dyslipidemia

Medium chain fatty acids are ________

8-12 carbon

linolic and linolic acids are referred to as __________

essential fatty acids. They are found in plants and must be ingested in the diet

The polyunsaturated are divided into ____________

omega-3, oemga-6, and omega-9 depending on where the double bound is

__________ contains three fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bond

Triglycerides

___________ are similar in the structure to triglycerides except they only have two esterified fatty acids

phospholipids