front 1 The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called: | back 1 glycolysis |
front 2 What are the forms of carbohydrates? | back 2 Sugars, starches, and cellulose |
front 3 How do carbohydrates exist in the body? | back 3 Glucose (blood) and glycogen (liver and muscles) |
front 4 What is the primary source of energy in the body? | back 4 Carbohydrates |
front 5 How many calories does one gram of carbohydrates yield? | back 5 4 calories. |
front 6 What happens to the store glycogen when cell activity increases? | back 6 Glycogen is broken down to glucose and released in the blood to be used as a source of energy. |
front 7 Do the nervous system cells prefer the use of glucose or lipids as a energy source? | back 7 Glucose |
front 8 What form of energy source can red blood cells use? | back 8 Only glucose |
front 9 Where do carbohydrates come from? | back 9 Product of photosynthesis |
front 10 What is photosynthesis? | back 10 Use of water, minerals from the soil, carbon dioxide from the environment, and light from the sun form carbohydrates |
front 11 Gluconeogenesis is | back 11 The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, for example, amino acids, glycerol, and lactate. |
front 12 Glycolysis is | back 12 the conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate and then CO2 and H2O. |
front 13 Glycogen is stored in the: | back 13 Liver. |
front 14 Which of the following is the primary hypoglycemic hormone? | back 14 Glucagon |
front 15 Which of the following hormones does NOT stimulate glycogenolysis? | back 15 Insulin |
front 16 A patient's low glucose, increased insulin, and increased C_peptide is caused by: | back 16 Insulinoma. |
front 17 The only hormone that causes a decrease in blood glucose levels is: | back 17 Insulin |
front 18 Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus? | back 18 Obesity and physical inactivity |
front 19 Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells? | back 19 Type 1 |
front 20 All of the following are associated with gestational diabetes EXCEPT | back 20 Is diagnosed using the same glucose tolerance criteria as in nonpregnant women. |
front 21 All of the following are confirmatory of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT: | back 21 Urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL |
front 22 Complications of diabetes mellitus include all of the following EXCEPT | back 22 Hepatitis. |
front 23 Instructions for patients preparing for a glucose tolerance tests include all of the following EXCEPT: | back 23 Caffeine and smoking are permitted before and during the test. |
front 24 A patient with an insulinoma may exhibit dizziness and fainting attributable to: | back 24 Hypoglycemia. |
front 25 What type of hypoglycemia is exhibited 8 hours after a meal? | back 25 Fasting |
front 26 All of the following statements about clinical hypoglycemia are true EXCEPT: | back 26 High fasting insulin levels must be present to make a diagnosis. 19) Select the enzyme that is most specific for β_D glucose. -Glucose oxidase |
front 27 Glucose concentration in serum is: | back 27 Higher than the concentration in whole blood. |
front 28 In a specimen collected for plasma glucose analysis, sodium fluoride | back 28 Inhibits glycolysis. |
front 29 Which of the following 2 hour glucose results would be classified as impaired glucose tolerance? | back 29 160 mg/dL |
front 30 The glucose concentration in normal cerebrospinal fluid is: | back 30 60/75% of the plasma glucose concentration. |
front 31 If a patient's serum glucose is 100 mg/dL, what would you expect the cerebrospinal fluid glucose to read? | back 31 68 mg/dL |
front 32 A sneaky diabetic tried to lower her glucose by working out and watching her diet 1 or 2 days before her appointment. The rest of the time she spent the day in front of the television and eating chocolates. What test could the doctor order to detect this type of behavior? | back 32 A glycosylated hemoglobin |
front 33 Of the following blood glucose levels, which would you expect to result in glucose in the urine? | back 33 200 mg/dL |
front 34 Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a
glucose of: | back 34 D. <45 mg/dl |
front 35 The preparation of a patient for standard glucose tolerance testing s
should include: | back 35 A |
front 36 The fasting glucose was 90mg/DL, which of the following 2 hour
postprandial glucose results would most closely represent normal
glucose metabolism? | back 36 B |
front 37 A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/DL would have a
simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid off: | back 37 B |
front 38 Cerebrospinal fluid for glucose assay should be: | back 38 B. Analyzed immediately |
front 39 Which of the following 2 hour postprandial glucose value demonstrates
unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes mellitus | back 39 D |
front 40 The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate
is called: | back 40 D |
front 41 What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency? | back 41 A |
front 42 A 1 year old girl with hypolipoproteinemia and lipase deficiency has
the following lipid profile: | back 42 D. Creamy layer over clear serum |
front 43 Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of: | back 43 C |
front 44 A 24 hour urine specimen (total volume =1136 ml) is submitted to the
laboratory for q quantitative urine protein. Calculate the amount of
protein excreted per day, if the total protein is 52 mg/DL | back 44 A |
front 45 Which to the following if the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation? | back 45 D |
front 46 Which of the following hemoglobins has glucose 6 phosphate on the beta chain? | back 46 A1c |
front 47 The first step for all three pathways requires glucose to be converted into___________ | back 47 glucose-6-phosphate |
front 48 The conversation of glucose to glucose -6-phospahte is catalyzed by ________ | back 48 hexokinase |
front 49 Monosaccharides are ________ | back 49 simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form |
front 50 Disaccharides are formed when two ____________ | back 50 monosaccharides units are joined together by a glycosidic linkage |
front 51 Glucogenesis is pretty straight forward it converts____________ | back 51 Glucose-6-phospahte into glucose-1-phospahte. Formation of glucose-6-phospahte from non carbohydrate source |
front 52 The liver synthesizes the enzyme ________ without this enzyme glucose would be trapped in the glycolytic pathway | back 52 Glucose-6-phospahte |
front 53 Glycogenolysis is the process by which ___________ | back 53 glycogen is converted back into Glucose-6-phospahte for entry into the glycolytic pathway |
front 54 Lipogenesis is the ________ | back 54 conversation of carbohydrates yo fatty acids |
front 55 Lipolysis is the ___________ | back 55 decomposition of fat |
front 56 During a brief fast _______ | back 56 glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through glycogenolysis |
front 57 Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for the _____________ | back 57 entry of glucose into the cell and therefore reducing blood glucose levels. |
front 58 Glycogenesis is the _________ | back 58 conversation of glucose to glycogen for storage |
front 59 Insulin is the only hormone the decrease glucose levels and can be refereed to as ______________ | back 59 hypoglycemic |
front 60 Glucagon acts by increasing blood glucose levels by glycogenolysis in the liver it can be referred to as ____________ | back 60 hyperglycemic |
front 61 Somatostatin _________ | back 61 increases plasma glucose levels by inhibition of insulin and other hormones |
front 62 A normal fasting plasma glucose levels would be ________ | back 62 100 mg/dL |
front 63 Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus? | back 63 Obesity and physical inactivity |
front 64 Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells? | back 64 Type 1 |
front 65 All of the following are confirmatory of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT: | back 65 Urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL |
front 66 A patient with an insulinoma may exhibit dizziness and fainting attributable to: | back 66 Hypoglycemia |
front 67 In the Hexokinase method for glucose determinations, the actual end product measured is the: | back 67 NADPH + H+ produced from the reduction of NADP. |
front 68 A sneaky diabetic tried to lower her glucose by working out and watching her diet 1 or 2 days before her appointment. The rest of the time she spent the day in front of the television and eating chocolates. What test could the doctor order to detect this type of behavior? | back 68 A glycosylated hemoglobin A1C |
front 69 Which of the following lipids are derivatives of fatty acids comprised of 20 C atoms including a 5 C cyclopentane ring? | back 69 Prostaglandins |
front 70 Which of the following lipid fractions are very large molecules with a low density and give plasma a milky appearance when present in increased amounts? | back 70 Chylomicrons |
front 71 In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cholesterol and triglycerides | back 71 Increased. |
front 72 Laboratory findings of hyperglycemia | back 72 decreased or absents insulin |
front 73 What is the normal range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test? | back 73 <140 mg/dL |
front 74 What is the impaired range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test? | back 74 140-199 mg/dL |
front 75 What is the provisional diabetes diagnosis range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test? | back 75 >200 mg/dL |
front 76 What is the normal range of fasting plasma glucose? | back 76 70-99 mg/dL |
front 77 What is the impaired range of fasting plasma glucose? | back 77 100-125 mg/dL |
front 78 What is the provisional diabetes diagnosis range of fasting plasma glucose? | back 78 >126 mg/dL |
front 79 Hypoglycemic indicates___________ | back 79 decreased plasma glucose levels. Cause deprivation of brain fuel which can result in impaired judgment and seizures, coma and death |
front 80 Postprandial | back 80 occurring after a meal. |
front 81 genetic defects in the carbohydrate metabolism is _______ | back 81 glucose-6-phospahte deficiency type 1 also known as von gierke disease |
front 82 Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term or low birth weight infants are: a) the same as adults | back 82 b) lower than adults |
front 83 How do you test for glucose tolerance levels? | back 83 Patient should first be fasting for 10 hours. Patient takes a 75 g glucose load and then glucose is measured two hours later. |
front 84 Long term blood glucose levels can be measured by ___________ | back 84 glycosylated hemoglobin |
front 85 ________ are the large, lipid-rich transport vessels that ferry their cargo of dietary triglycerides, The main oil in the body | back 85 chylomicrons |
front 86 The _________ are like tanker trucks, redistributing triglyceride to peripheral cells mostly during fasting for energy needs or storage as fat | back 86 VLDLs (very low density lipoprotein) |
front 87 The ______ are rich in cholesterol which starts out as VLDLs and are like almost empty cargo which deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells and return to the liver | back 87 LDLs (low density lipoprotein) |
front 88 ____________ is a disease state associated with abnormal serum lipids | back 88 dyslipidemia |
front 89 Medium chain fatty acids are ________ | back 89 8-12 carbon |
front 90 linolic and linolic acids are referred to as __________ | back 90 essential fatty acids. They are found in plants and must be ingested in the diet |
front 91 The polyunsaturated are divided into ____________ | back 91 omega-3, oemga-6, and omega-9 depending on where the double bound is |
front 92 __________ contains three fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bond | back 92 Triglycerides |
front 93 ___________ are similar in the structure to triglycerides except they only have two esterified fatty acids | back 93 phospholipids |