The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called:
glycolysis
What are the forms of carbohydrates?
Sugars, starches, and cellulose
How do carbohydrates exist in the body?
Glucose (blood) and glycogen (liver and muscles)
What is the primary source of energy in the body?
Carbohydrates
How many calories does one gram of carbohydrates yield?
4 calories.
What happens to the store glycogen when cell activity increases?
Glycogen is broken down to glucose and released in the blood to be used as a source of energy.
Do the nervous system cells prefer the use of glucose or lipids as a energy source?
Glucose
What form of energy source can red blood cells use?
Only glucose
Where do carbohydrates come from?
Product of photosynthesis
What is photosynthesis?
Use of water, minerals from the soil, carbon dioxide from the environment, and light from the sun form carbohydrates
Gluconeogenesis is
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, for example, amino acids, glycerol, and lactate.
Glycolysis is
the conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate and then CO2 and H2O.
Glycogen is stored in the:
Liver.
Which of the following is the primary hypoglycemic hormone?
Glucagon
Which of the following hormones does NOT stimulate glycogenolysis?
Insulin
A patient's low glucose, increased insulin, and increased C_peptide is caused by:
Insulinoma.
The only hormone that causes a decrease in blood glucose levels is:
Insulin
Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Obesity and physical inactivity
Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells?
Type 1
All of the following are associated with gestational diabetes EXCEPT
Is diagnosed using the same glucose tolerance criteria as in nonpregnant women.
All of the following are confirmatory of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:
Urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL
Complications of diabetes mellitus include all of the following EXCEPT
Hepatitis.
Instructions for patients preparing for a glucose tolerance tests include all of the following EXCEPT:
Caffeine and smoking are permitted before and during the test.
A patient with an insulinoma may exhibit dizziness and fainting attributable to:
Hypoglycemia.
What type of hypoglycemia is exhibited 8 hours after a meal?
Fasting
All of the following statements about clinical hypoglycemia are true EXCEPT:
High fasting insulin levels must be present to make a diagnosis. 19) Select the enzyme that is most specific for β_D glucose. -Glucose oxidase
Glucose concentration in serum is:
Higher than the concentration in whole blood.
In a specimen collected for plasma glucose analysis, sodium fluoride
Inhibits glycolysis.
Which of the following 2 hour glucose results would be classified as impaired glucose tolerance?
160 mg/dL
The glucose concentration in normal cerebrospinal fluid is:
60/75% of the plasma glucose concentration.
If a patient's serum glucose is 100 mg/dL, what would you expect the cerebrospinal fluid glucose to read?
68 mg/dL
A sneaky diabetic tried to lower her glucose by working out and watching her diet 1 or 2 days before her appointment. The rest of the time she spent the day in front of the television and eating chocolates. What test could the doctor order to detect this type of behavior?
A glycosylated hemoglobin
Of the following blood glucose levels, which would you expect to result in glucose in the urine?
200 mg/dL
Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a
glucose of:
A. <70 mg/DL
B. <60 mg/DL
C. <55
mg/DL
D. <45 mg/dl
D. <45 mg/dl
The preparation of a patient for standard glucose tolerance testing s
should include:
A. A high carbohydrate diet for three
days
B. A low carbohydrate diet for three days
C. Fasting
for 48 hours prior to testing
D. Bed rest for three days
A
The fasting glucose was 90mg/DL, which of the following 2 hour
postprandial glucose results would most closely represent normal
glucose metabolism?
A. 55mg/DL
B. 100mg/DL
C.
180mg/DL
D. 260mg/dl
B
A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/DL would have a
simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid off:
A. 25
mg/DL
B. 50 mg/dl
C. 100 mg/DL
D. 150 mg/dl
B
Cerebrospinal fluid for glucose assay should be:
A.
Refrigerated
B. Analyzed immediately
C. Heated to
56*C
D. Stored at room temperature after centrifugation
B. Analyzed immediately
Which of the following 2 hour postprandial glucose value demonstrates
unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes mellitus
A. 160
mg/DL
B. 170 mg/DL
C. 180 mg/DL
D. 200 mg/d
D
The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate
is called:
A. Glycogensis
B. Glycogenolysis
C.
Gluconeoensis
D. Glycolysis
D
What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency?
A. H2
breath test
B. Plasma aldolase test
C. LDH level
D.
D-xylose test
A
A 1 year old girl with hypolipoproteinemia and lipase deficiency has
the following lipid profile:
Cholesterol 300mg/DL
Ldl
increased
Hdl decreased
Triglycerides 200
mg/DL
Chylomicrons present
A serum specimen from this
patient was refrigerated overnight would m most likely be:
A.
Clear
B. Cloudy
C. Creamy layer over cloudy serum
D.
Creamy layer over clear serum
D. Creamy layer over clear serum
Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of:
A. Cholesterol
B.
Total protein
C. Chylomicrons
D. Albumin
C
A 24 hour urine specimen (total volume =1136 ml) is submitted to the
laboratory for q quantitative urine protein. Calculate the amount of
protein excreted per day, if the total protein is 52 mg/DL
A. 591
mg
B. 487 mg
C. 220 mg
D. 282 mg
A
Which to the following if the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
A.
Pk a= pH +log ([acid]/[salt])
B. Pk a= pH +log
([salt]/[acid])
C. pH= pka +log ([acid]/[salt])
D. pH= pka
+log ([salt]/[acid])
D
Which of the following hemoglobins has glucose 6 phosphate on the beta chain?
A1c
The first step for all three pathways requires glucose to be converted into___________
glucose-6-phosphate
The conversation of glucose to glucose -6-phospahte is catalyzed by ________
hexokinase
Monosaccharides are ________
simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
Disaccharides are formed when two ____________
monosaccharides units are joined together by a glycosidic linkage
Glucogenesis is pretty straight forward it converts____________
Glucose-6-phospahte into glucose-1-phospahte. Formation of glucose-6-phospahte from non carbohydrate source
The liver synthesizes the enzyme ________ without this enzyme glucose would be trapped in the glycolytic pathway
Glucose-6-phospahte
Glycogenolysis is the process by which ___________
glycogen is converted back into Glucose-6-phospahte for entry into the glycolytic pathway
Lipogenesis is the ________
conversation of carbohydrates yo fatty acids
Lipolysis is the ___________
decomposition of fat
During a brief fast _______
glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through glycogenolysis
Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for the _____________
entry of glucose into the cell and therefore reducing blood glucose levels.
Glycogenesis is the _________
conversation of glucose to glycogen for storage
Insulin is the only hormone the decrease glucose levels and can be refereed to as ______________
hypoglycemic
Glucagon acts by increasing blood glucose levels by glycogenolysis in the liver it can be referred to as ____________
hyperglycemic
Somatostatin _________
increases plasma glucose levels by inhibition of insulin and other hormones
A normal fasting plasma glucose levels would be ________
100 mg/dL
Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Obesity and physical inactivity
Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells?
Type 1
All of the following are confirmatory of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:
Urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL
A patient with an insulinoma may exhibit dizziness and fainting attributable to:
Hypoglycemia
In the Hexokinase method for glucose determinations, the actual end product measured is the:
NADPH + H+ produced from the reduction of NADP.
A sneaky diabetic tried to lower her glucose by working out and watching her diet 1 or 2 days before her appointment. The rest of the time she spent the day in front of the television and eating chocolates. What test could the doctor order to detect this type of behavior?
A glycosylated hemoglobin A1C
Which of the following lipids are derivatives of fatty acids comprised of 20 C atoms including a 5 C cyclopentane ring?
Prostaglandins
Which of the following lipid fractions are very large molecules with a low density and give plasma a milky appearance when present in increased amounts?
Chylomicrons
In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cholesterol and triglycerides
Increased.
Laboratory findings of hyperglycemia
decreased or absents insulin
What is the normal range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test?
<140 mg/dL
What is the impaired range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test?
140-199 mg/dL
What is the provisional diabetes diagnosis range of glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test?
>200 mg/dL
What is the normal range of fasting plasma glucose?
70-99 mg/dL
What is the impaired range of fasting plasma glucose?
100-125 mg/dL
What is the provisional diabetes diagnosis range of fasting plasma glucose?
>126 mg/dL
Hypoglycemic indicates___________
decreased plasma glucose levels. Cause deprivation of brain fuel which can result in impaired judgment and seizures, coma and death
Postprandial
occurring after a meal.
genetic defects in the carbohydrate metabolism is _______
glucose-6-phospahte deficiency type 1 also known as von gierke disease
Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term or low birth weight infants are:
a) the same as adults
b) lower than adults
c) the same as
a normal full-term infant
d) higher than a normal full-term infant
b) lower than adults
How do you test for glucose tolerance levels?
Patient should first be fasting for 10 hours. Patient takes a 75 g glucose load and then glucose is measured two hours later.
Long term blood glucose levels can be measured by ___________
glycosylated hemoglobin
________ are the large, lipid-rich transport vessels that ferry their cargo of dietary triglycerides, The main oil in the body
chylomicrons
The _________ are like tanker trucks, redistributing triglyceride to peripheral cells mostly during fasting for energy needs or storage as fat
VLDLs (very low density lipoprotein)
The ______ are rich in cholesterol which starts out as VLDLs and are like almost empty cargo which deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells and return to the liver
LDLs (low density lipoprotein)
____________ is a disease state associated with abnormal serum lipids
dyslipidemia
Medium chain fatty acids are ________
8-12 carbon
linolic and linolic acids are referred to as __________
essential fatty acids. They are found in plants and must be ingested in the diet
The polyunsaturated are divided into ____________
omega-3, oemga-6, and omega-9 depending on where the double bound is
__________ contains three fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bond
Triglycerides
___________ are similar in the structure to triglycerides except they only have two esterified fatty acids
phospholipids