Regions of the Brain

Cerebrum-Cerebellum-Diencephalon-Mesencephalon-Pons-Medulla Oblongata

The Distal End

Conus Medullaris, Filum Terminale, Cauda Equina

THe Three Meningeal Layer

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Connective Tissue Layers of Spinal Nerves

Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium

Anterior White Columns

Lies between anterior gray horn and anterior median fissure

Ventral Root

Contains axons for motor neurons

Deneculate Ligament

Extend from pia mater to dura mater

Stabilize side to side movement

Central Enlargement

Nerves of shoulders and upper limbs

Epidural Space

Between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal

Contains loose connective and adipose tissue

Anesthetic injections site

Major nerve of brachial plexus

Musculocutaneous nerve

CSF is produced by

Choroid plexus

Diencephalon

is located under cerebrum and cerebellum and links cerebrum with brain stem

Mesencephalon

Also called midbrain, Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes, maintain consciousness

Mamillary body

Process olfactory and other sensory information, control reflex eating movements

Corpus callosum

Band of fibers connecting hemispheres

Cerebral peduncles

Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces, Containing descending fibers to cerebellum and motor command fibers

Hypothalamus

Hormone production, emotion, autonomic function

Falx cerbri

Projects between the cerebral hemispheres, contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus

Cerebellar hemispheres are separated by the

Vermis

Lateral ventricles are seperated by

Septum pellucidum

Depolarization occurs when

Na enters the neuron

Relative refractory period

Membrane potential almost normal, very large stimulus can initiate action potential

The Resting membrane is usually at

-70 mV

Propagation of action potential on myelinated axons

Saltatory propagation

Action potential

is based on the all or non principle

Temporal summation

Multiple times, rapid, repeated stimuli at one synapse

The conduction velocity depends on all of the following except

Oligodendrocyte

Gated channels are all of the following except

Thermal regulated channels

Serotonin deficency may lead to

depression

Synaptic delay are all of the following except

protective mechanism against excess neuronal activity

Function of the skeletal system are all the following except

Dilation

Calcritiol

A dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts

Osteocytes

To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

To help repair damaged bone

The cells of bones are all the following except

Glial cells

Periosteum

Covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules

Canaliculi

Form pathways for blood vessels

Exchanges nutrients and waste

Short bones

Are small and thick

Bones are classified by all of the following except

Dimensions

Long bone

long and thin

Diaphysis

The Shaft

A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone

A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity

The appendicular Skeleton

126 bones

Sutures

Vertical suture

Articulation of the parietal bones

Sinuses

Superficial facial bones are all the following except

Palatine bones

The skull contains 22 bones

8 cranial bones: form the braincase or cranium

14 facial bones: protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tract

Facial bones

Enclose the cranial cavity which contains the brain, fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membrane

Fontanelles

Maxilla

Hypophyseal fossa

A depression within the sella turcica. Holds the pituitary gland

Squamous sutures

Form boundaries between temporal bones and parietal bones

The cranial bones of the skull

Sagittal bone

Z lines consist of proteins called

actinins

The A band contains all but the following

Thin filaments

Steps of the Contraction cycle except

Pivoting of action heads

Thin filament contains the following thin filament proteins except

Myosin

Aerobic metabolism

Produces 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Triad

Formed by one T tubule and two terminal cisternae

The sarcolemma

Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle fiber)

Isotonic Contraction

Tensions rises and skeletal muscle changes length resulting in motion

Twitches are divided in except

Treppe

Epimysium

Surrounds the entire muscle, connected to deep fascia, separates muscle from surrounding tissues

The P wave

accompanies the depolarization of the atria

Phases of the cardiac cycle

Atrial systole

Atrial diastole

Ventricular systole

Ventricular Diastole

The Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria when the ventricles are contracting

True

S2 caused by

Closing of the semilunar valves

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the left in one second

False

Isovolumetric contraction period

Last approximately 270 msec

Connective tissue fibers of the heart function to do the following except

Stabilizes the heart valves

There are two Atrioventricular valves

Bicuspid

Tricuspid

Ventricular conduction cells consist of the AV bundle, bundle branches, and

Purkinje fibers

End-diastolic volume

130

Theories of autoregulation are the following except

Temo=perature theory

The chordae tendinae and papillary muscles play important roles in the normal function of the AV valves

True

Kinins

Cause contraction of visceral smooth muscle, but they relax vascular smooth muscle via NO; lower blood pressure

Inhibits platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilation

Prostacyclin

The factors that affect tissue perfusion are all the following except

Autoregulation

Local vasodilators accelerate blood flow in response to

Decreased temperature

Monitor the degree of stretch on the walls of carotid and aortic sinuses

Baroreceptors

Define the synapse

The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells

Cholinergic neurotransmitter system is based on

Acetycholine

The Purkinje cell are

Multipolar neurons

Afferent neurons receive information from ___ and efferent neurons send information to the ___

Peripheral nervous system, Peripheral nervous system

Bipolar neurons are

Small and have one dendrite and one axon

The neuronal cell send and receive information using

Axon and dendrites

Peripheral nervous system is composed of two division

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

Glia of the CNS are

Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

Postsynaptic effect of acetylcholine is

Depolarization caused by nicotinic or muscarinic receptor

Astrocytes

maintains the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removes excess signaling molecules, reacts to tissue damage, and contributes to the BBB

The respiratory mucosa is

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The upper respiratory system consists of all of the following except

Larynx

Function of the nose are all of the following except

None of the above

Bronchial trees consist of all of the following except

Secondary

The bronchioles

Control of airflow resistance and air distribution in the lungs

Boyle's law

For a gas in a closed constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume

Cellular respiration

is the intracellular reaction of O2 with organic molecules to produce CO2, water, and ATP

External respiration is subdivided into the following integrated processes except

Exchange of gases between blood and the lungs

Dalton's Law

Each of the gases contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance

Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient for the following reasons except

The total surface area is small