Regions of the Brain
Cerebrum-Cerebellum-Diencephalon-Mesencephalon-Pons-Medulla Oblongata
The Distal End
Conus Medullaris, Filum Terminale, Cauda Equina
THe Three Meningeal Layer
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
Connective Tissue Layers of Spinal Nerves
Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium
Anterior White Columns
Lies between anterior gray horn and anterior median fissure
Ventral Root
Contains axons for motor neurons
Deneculate Ligament
Extend from pia mater to dura mater
Stabilize side to side movement
Central Enlargement
Nerves of shoulders and upper limbs
Epidural Space
Between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal
Contains loose connective and adipose tissue
Anesthetic injections site
Major nerve of brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous nerve
CSF is produced by
Choroid plexus
Diencephalon
is located under cerebrum and cerebellum and links cerebrum with brain stem
Mesencephalon
Also called midbrain, Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes, maintain consciousness
Mamillary body
Process olfactory and other sensory information, control reflex eating movements
Corpus callosum
Band of fibers connecting hemispheres
Cerebral peduncles
Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces, Containing descending fibers to cerebellum and motor command fibers
Hypothalamus
Hormone production, emotion, autonomic function
Falx cerbri
Projects between the cerebral hemispheres, contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus
Cerebellar hemispheres are separated by the
Vermis
Lateral ventricles are seperated by
Septum pellucidum
Depolarization occurs when
Na enters the neuron
Relative refractory period
Membrane potential almost normal, very large stimulus can initiate action potential
The Resting membrane is usually at
-70 mV
Propagation of action potential on myelinated axons
Saltatory propagation
Action potential
is based on the all or non principle
Temporal summation
Multiple times, rapid, repeated stimuli at one synapse
The conduction velocity depends on all of the following except
Oligodendrocyte
Gated channels are all of the following except
Thermal regulated channels
Serotonin deficency may lead to
depression
Synaptic delay are all of the following except
protective mechanism against excess neuronal activity
Function of the skeletal system are all the following except
Dilation
Calcritiol
A dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts
Osteocytes
To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
To help repair damaged bone
The cells of bones are all the following except
Glial cells
Periosteum
Covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules
Canaliculi
Form pathways for blood vessels
Exchanges nutrients and waste
Short bones
Are small and thick
Bones are classified by all of the following except
Dimensions
Long bone
long and thin
Diaphysis
The Shaft
A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity
The appendicular Skeleton
126 bones
Sutures
Vertical suture
Articulation of the parietal bones
Sinuses
Superficial facial bones are all the following except
Palatine bones
The skull contains 22 bones
8 cranial bones: form the braincase or cranium
14 facial bones: protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tract
Facial bones
Enclose the cranial cavity which contains the brain, fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membrane
Fontanelles
Maxilla
Hypophyseal fossa
A depression within the sella turcica. Holds the pituitary gland
Squamous sutures
Form boundaries between temporal bones and parietal bones
The cranial bones of the skull
Sagittal bone
Z lines consist of proteins called
actinins
The A band contains all but the following
Thin filaments
Steps of the Contraction cycle except
Pivoting of action heads
Thin filament contains the following thin filament proteins except
Myosin
Aerobic metabolism
Produces 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Triad
Formed by one T tubule and two terminal cisternae
The sarcolemma
Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle fiber)
Isotonic Contraction
Tensions rises and skeletal muscle changes length resulting in motion
Twitches are divided in except
Treppe
Epimysium
Surrounds the entire muscle, connected to deep fascia, separates muscle from surrounding tissues
The P wave
accompanies the depolarization of the atria
Phases of the cardiac cycle
Atrial systole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular Diastole
The Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria when the ventricles are contracting
True
S2 caused by
Closing of the semilunar valves
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the left in one second
False
Isovolumetric contraction period
Last approximately 270 msec
Connective tissue fibers of the heart function to do the following except
Stabilizes the heart valves
There are two Atrioventricular valves
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Ventricular conduction cells consist of the AV bundle, bundle branches, and
Purkinje fibers
End-diastolic volume
130
Theories of autoregulation are the following except
Temo=perature theory
The chordae tendinae and papillary muscles play important roles in the normal function of the AV valves
True
Kinins
Cause contraction of visceral smooth muscle, but they relax vascular smooth muscle via NO; lower blood pressure
Inhibits platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilation
Prostacyclin
The factors that affect tissue perfusion are all the following except
Autoregulation
Local vasodilators accelerate blood flow in response to
Decreased temperature
Monitor the degree of stretch on the walls of carotid and aortic sinuses
Baroreceptors
Define the synapse
The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells
Cholinergic neurotransmitter system is based on
Acetycholine
The Purkinje cell are
Multipolar neurons
Afferent neurons receive information from ___ and efferent neurons send information to the ___
Peripheral nervous system, Peripheral nervous system
Bipolar neurons are
Small and have one dendrite and one axon
The neuronal cell send and receive information using
Axon and dendrites
Peripheral nervous system is composed of two division
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
Glia of the CNS are
Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells
Postsynaptic effect of acetylcholine is
Depolarization caused by nicotinic or muscarinic receptor
Astrocytes
maintains the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removes excess signaling molecules, reacts to tissue damage, and contributes to the BBB
The respiratory mucosa is
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The upper respiratory system consists of all of the following except
Larynx
Function of the nose are all of the following except
None of the above
Bronchial trees consist of all of the following except
Secondary
The bronchioles
Control of airflow resistance and air distribution in the lungs
Boyle's law
For a gas in a closed constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume
Cellular respiration
is the intracellular reaction of O2 with organic molecules to produce CO2, water, and ATP
External respiration is subdivided into the following integrated processes except
Exchange of gases between blood and the lungs
Dalton's Law
Each of the gases contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance
Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient for the following reasons except
The total surface area is small