1. mercantilism

economic concept where the colonies served only to provide raw materials to the English businesses.

2. economic development of the southern colonies

Economy based on Agricultures, development of cash-crops (tobacco, rice, indigo and cotton)

3. economic development of the new England colonies

Economy base on trading, small business and fishing industry shipping of goods.

4. economic development of the mid Atlantic colonies

Trading and agriculture based economies. Raw Material items that significantly shaped their trade based economy. However, the Mid-Atlantic Colonies also farmed significant quantities of wheat and corn, similar to the cash crop production of their southern neighbors.

5. European cultural diversity

The Mid-Atlantic Colonies were the most diverse because there was no dominant culture. Various European cultures came to be represented in England’s American Colonies. Immigrants traveled from Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands, and Germany. Religious immigrants included Protestant sects, Catholicism, Judaism, and Quakerism

6. middle passage

part of the Trans-Atlantic trade route were slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas.

7. examples of African American culture

African American culture grew as a result of an increase in need for unskilled labor.

8. salutary neglect

British policy that believed the colonies would become more economically productive if they were not restricted by British policies.

9. The significance of the great awakening

Colonists began questioning traditional authority (King & Great Britain)

10. proclamation of 1763

It forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and put the territory under British military control.

11. The intolerable acts

led to the quartering of troops and closed the port of Boston as punishment for the Boston Tea Party.

12. sons of liberty

The Sons of Liberty often used violence to intimidate any merchant or royal official who might otherwise use the stamps. The Sons of Liberty destroyed large amounts of tea during the Boston Tea Party

13. daughters of liberty

helped colonist boycott against the British by using their skills to weave fabric and other products that were usually bought from Britain

14. committee of correspondence

The Committees of Correspondence were created as a direct response to the Intolerable acts.

15. significance of common sense

Paine argued there was no way to compromise with the British and war was inevitable.

16. Declaration of independence

In June 1776, the delegates to the Second Continental Congress decided to declare independence from Great Britain. They appointed a committee to prepare a Declaration of Independence that would outline the reasons the colonist wanted to separate from British rule.

17. committee of five

The Committee of Five was made up of Thomas Jefferson, John Livingston, Ben Franklin, John Adams and Roger Sherman

18. significance of john Locke- natural rights

All people have the right to life, liberty, and property (pursuit of happiness). Thomas Jefferson said: Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

19. significance of john Locke- social contract

If government does not meet the needs of the people, then the people have a right to overthrow the government or break the contract

20. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams

Benjamin Franklin and John Adams serving as the American ambassador to France, convinced the French to Provide financial and military assistance during the war

21. George Washington- military

When the American Revolution began, George Washington was named commander in chief of the Continental Army.

22. Baron von Steuben

helped Washington effectively used their time at Valley Forge to train the Continental army.

23. Marquis de Lafayette

was a French soldier that commanded American troops and fought battles in many states.

24. Significance of valley forge

The army faced problems with housing, food, clothing, disease and cold weather. Yet, Washington with the help of Baron von Steuben was able to turn the Continental Army into a stronger military force.

25. Battle of Trenton

Washington made what seemed to be an impossible Crossing of the Delaware River to defeat the British in the Battle of Trenton.

26. Battle of Saratoga

The British plan to defeat the rebellious Americans was to drive a wedge between New England and the rest of the colonies.

27. Battle of Yorktown

Britain’s plan to counter the French–American alliance was to have General Charles Cornwallis move the war to the southern states to try to separate those colonies from revolutionary forces in the North.

28. General Charles Cornwallis

Cornwallis was forced to surrender, and the American Revolution came to an end in North America.

29. The articles of confederation

Two of the strengths of this new national government were the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance in 1787.

30. 4 benefits of the northwest ordinance of 1787

Banned slavery above the Ohio River Valley, leads to sectionalism (North vs. South). America encouraged westward migration (Manifest Destiny). Made laws for admitting new states into the Union such as Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Mandated the establishment of public schools in the Northwest Territory

31. 3 weaknesses of the articles of confederation

No executive branch. Lacked the power to tax. Gave power to the state's governments (not the national government)

32. Daniel Shays Rebellion

In Shay’s Rebellion, Daniel Shays led more than a thousand farmers who, like him, were burdened with personal debts caused by economic problems stemming from the Revolutionary War debts.

33. The United States Constitution

in May of 1787, George Washington was elected president of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where he and the Founding Fathers created the United States Constitution.

34. The New Jersey Plan

35. The Virgina plan

36. The Great Compromise

One great issue facing the delegates to the Constitutional Convention was how different sized states could have equal representation in the new government.

37. The Significance of three fifths compromise

Gave the South Representation they shouldn’t have or their population didn’t allow.

38. Ratification of the Constitution

The Constitution was eventually ratified and became the basis for all law, rights, and governmental power in the United States

39. federalist

wanted the Constitution and a strong national (federal or central) government.

40. The federalist papers

wrote The Federalist papers that supported ratification of the Constitution and explained the intent behind its major provisions.

41. Anti-federalist

believed the government created by the Constitution would be too powerful and would eliminate the power of the states.

42. The bill of rights

is the first 10 amendments to the Constitution and they guarantee states’ rights and individuals’ rights.

43. First Admendment

Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press, and the right to petition the government

44. George Washington- president- Two examples of George Washington precedents

During George Washington's time as the President of the United States, he set many precedents that would shape the role of the President of the United State. Here are examples of a couple of his precedents: Set the rule for two term limits for president. Initiated the Farewell Address for presidents. Create the cabinet for the executive branch.

45. Washington farewell address

he warned citizens about two future political issues. He favored nonintervention (Isolationism or Neutrality) in European affairs. He avoided siding with France against Great Britain on political issues.

46. John Adams seditions acts

The Sedition Act: tried to stop the anti-Federalist criticism with attempts to limit the speech and press rights of Jefferson’s followers.

47. John Adams election of 1800

John Adams Sedition Act lost him the election to Democrats-Republican-Thomas Jefferson.

48. Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase

He was unsure if the Constitution gave him the authority to purchase the Louisiana Territory.

49. Lewis and Clark Expedition

Thomas Jefferson sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase and the western lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

50. Two causes of the War of 1812

Americans wished to drive the British out of Northwest Territory altogether by conquering Canada. The British policy of aggression at sea.

51. Impressment

British impressment forced thousands of American sailors to serve in the British navy after their American ships were captured at sea.

52. Result of the War of 1812

After the War of 1812, Americans felt good about themselves. But, Britain still supplied America with most of its good, this hurt American manufacturing

53. Significance of the Monroe Doctrine

announced that the United States would prevent European nations from interfering with independent American countries.

54. Significance of the Jacksonian Democracy

was a political philosophy that showed how the people can impact govt.

55. The Nullification crisis

The Nullification Crisis resulted when southern states sought to nullify (cancel) a high tariff (tax) Congress had passed on manufactured goods imported from Europe.

56. Indian removal act

57. John C. Calhoun

a South Carolinian, resigned from the vice-presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in this crisis.

58. Henry Clays American System

was designed to connect the Northerners economically with the South and West.

59. 3 policies of the American system

A tariff – A tariff is a tax on imported goods. It made European goods more expensive and encouraged Americans to buy cheaper products made in America. The tariff also made the country money, which would be used to improve things.
A National Bank - The establishment of a national bank that would promote a single currency (money), making trade easier.
Highways and Canals –These roads and canals would make trade easier between merchants and farmers in the North, South, and West.

60. 3 Movements of the 2nd great awakening

-Temperance movement

-Public school movement

-Womens movement

61. Temperance movement

Issue: People should drink less alcohol, or alcohol should be outlawed altogether. Impact: This movement increased the size of Protestant religious organizations. Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement.

62. Public Education movement

Issue: All children should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained teachers. Impact: This movement established education as a right for all children and as a state and local issue it improved the quality of schools by requiring trained teachers.

63. Womens movement

Women did not have the right to vote (suffrage) and often lacked legal custody of their own children in the early 1800s.

64. Nat Turners Rebellion

a violent slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations and they killed 60 whites. Turner was captured, tried, and executed. To stop such slave uprisings, white leaders passed new laws limiting the rights of slaves.

65. The abolitionist movement

Issue: Slavery should be abolished and it should not be allowed in new states. Impact: This movement made slavery and its expansion an important political issue.

66. The significance of the missouri compromise

Calmed concerns of Northern and Southern politicians on the issue of representation and their votes.

67. Manifest Destiny

was the belief that United States needed to control land between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.

68. Annexation of texas

Increasing numbers of American settlers filled the region north of the Rio Grande, particularly in the 1820s and 1830s. This resulted in a successful drive for Texas independence and a push for annexation that soon after the United States recognized the Texas Republic on March 3, 1837.

69. James K. Polk 54 40 or fight

Motto to encourage westward expansion to Oregon

70. Mexican American War

the United States took Texas into the Union and set its sights on the Mexican territories of New Mexico and California.

71. Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ends the war and the U.S. gains Texas, California, New Mexico and Arizona.

72. Wilmont Proviso

The antislavery position was outlined in a proposal called the Wilmot Proviso, but the House of Representatives failed to approve it, and the issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.

73. 3 Policies of the compromise of 1850

The state of New Mexico would be established by carving its borders from the state of Texas. New Mexico voters would determine whether the state would permit or prohibit the practice of slavery. California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. All citizens would be required to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their owners. Those who failed to do so would be fined or imprisoned. The slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery would be allowed to continue there.

74. Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas- Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and was approved by Congress.

75. Popular sovereignty

Kansas and Nebraska popular sovereignty (rule by the people) the right to decide for themselves whether their state would be a free or a slave state.

76. Scott vs Sanford decision

In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the Scott v. Sanford decision, settling a lawsuit in which an African American slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free-states.

77. Johns Brown Raid on Harpers Ferry

on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. To take over weapons and start a slave rebellion in the South.

78. Election of 1860

When Lincoln won the election, South Carolina responded by seceding (withdrawing) from the Union on December 20, 1860.

79. Economic difference between the north and south

From the start, the Confederacy was at a serious disadvantage. The southern economies had less population, food production and weapon production the northern states. The northern economies had better railroads to transport resources and troops to the front lines of the war

80. Lincoln Suspends Habeas Corpus

During the war, Lincoln suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus––the legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held in custody.

81. Emancipation proclamation

Lincoln used his emergency powers again to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which emancipated (freed) all slaves held in the Confederate states.

82. Lincoln's Second Inaugural address

When Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address, Union victory over the Confederacy was certain, and Americans foresaw an end to slavery.

83. Ulysses S. Grant

Accepted unconditional surrender of Confederate Gen. Lee at Appomattox Courthouse to end Civil War. Lincoln’s most trusted general during war

84. William T. Sherman

Union general who took command of the western forces after Grant decided to remain with troops in the East. Destroyed Atlanta and led the March to the Sea.

85. Jefferson Davis

President of Confederate States of America, 1861–1865

86. Robert E. Lee

The most successful Confederate general. Surrendered to U.S. Gen. Grant to end Civil War

87. Thomas Jackson

Gen. Lee secondhand man. Noted for his ability to use geography to his advantage. Died in battle.

88. Fort Sumter

The Battle of Fort Sumter was the beginning of the Civil War

89. Significance of the battle of Antietam

Encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, gave Northerners a moral reason to fight.

90. Significance of the battle of Vicksburg

Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy and North gains control of Mississippi River.

91. Significance of the battle of Gettysburg

A major Southern victory on northern soil might also convince Great Britain and France to aid Confederate forces.

92. Significance of Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address helped shape popular opinion in favor of preserving the Union.

93. Significance of the battle of atlanta

Example of Grant and Sherman use total war to end Civil War.

94. Shermans March to the sea

destroys the railways, roads, and bridges along the path to the sea (Savannah). Now the South knows it would lose the Civil War.

96. Presidential reconstruction

Now that the Union had been preserved, Lincoln introduced a plan for Reconstruction (rebuilding) of the South rather than punishing the South.

97. Congressional Reconstruction

Such restrictions allowed whites to continue to control and profit from the labor of African Americans even though slavery did not technically exist.

98. The significance of Andrew Johnsons impeachment

On May 16, 1868, the Senate voted to acquit (innocent or cleared) Johnson's presidency by just one vote.

99. The Bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandon lands

Reconnected families separated by slaver and provided clothes, medical attention, food, education, and even land to African Americans coming out of slavery.

100. 13th Amendment

Ended slavery throughout the United States

101. 14th Amendment

Guarantees that no one (regardless of race) would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process.

102. 15th Amendment

All male citizens have the right to vote, 21 years of age.

103. Black codes

Southern states also enacted black codes (laws that limited the rights of freed blacks so much that they basically kept them living like slaves).

104. Presidential election of 1876

The election is between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden.

105. Significance of the compromise of 1877

Southern States agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes electoral votes if he removes federal troops from South.

106. John D. Rockefeller

Used the concepts of trust and monopoly to control more than 90% of America’s oil industry.

107. Andrew Carnegie

Another successful big business owner of the late 19th century was Andrew Carnegie. The Carnegie Steel Company used the latest technology of the Bessemer process to forge steel more efficiently.

108. Vertical monopoly

The controlled the entire production process from resource to finished product, which included mining the raw materials, industrial production of steel, and transportation for both resources and finished products.

109. Telephone

conversations were more efficient and true discussion between individuals in distant locations was made possible.

110. Telegraph

machine received coded messages across electric wires connecting long distances, ended the Phony Express.

111. Electric Light Bulb

People and businesses could work past day light, and the light bulb also illuminated buildings, streets, and neighborhoods across the United States.

112. New immigrant groups

• Location: eastern and southern Europe
• Religion: Jewish or Catholic
• Language: spoke no English

113. Ellis Island

The new immigrants were mostly poor, so they worked as unskilled laborers and lived mostly in cities.

114. Angle Island

They created communities to imitate the cultures of their home countries (little Italy and china).

115. American Federation of Labor

used strikes (work stoppages) to convince employers to give workers shorter workdays, better working conditions, higher wages, and greater control over how they carried out their workplace responsibilities.

116. Significance of the transcontinental Railroad

As a symbol of the completion of Manifest Destiny (Westward Expansion)

117. Two western farming technologies

Steel plow and Barbed wire

118. Wounded knee

Wounded Knee was originally referred to as a battle, but in reality it was a tragic and avoidable massacre.

119. Progressives

120. Muckrakers

journalists that investigated and exposed political corruption, child labor, slum conditions, and other social issues

121. Significance of Jacob Riis

Exposed the horrible conditions under which immigrants worked and lived, which led to the passing laws aimed at improving urban tenements.

122. Significance of Upton Sinclair

Exposed unsanitary conditions, which led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Passage of the Meat Inspection Act

123. Significance of Jane Addams

Her Hull House was a social service agency that provided help to recent immigrants about home economics, basic medical care, the English language and legal rights.

124. Significance of Ida Tarbell

She criticized Standard Oil Company’s unfair business practices, which resulted in the breakup of the Standard Oil Company & monopolies.

125. Jim Crow Laws

were established in the South and resulted in inferior education, health care, and transportation systems for African Americans.

126. Plessy v. Ferguson

Increased use of Jim Crow law in United States. U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Jim Crow laws were constitutional. Creates “separate but equal” doctrine, the court ruled racial segregation was legal in public facilities.

127. NAACP

To legally fight against the loss of their civil rights, African Americans created the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

128. Conservation Movement

Helped save millions of acres of wilderness land and created the national park system

129. 2 reasons for American Imperalism

• To increase the U.S.’s economic and military interests in Southwest Asia and Americas.
• Needed more resources (raw materials)

130. Territories Acquired by the Spanish-American war

Spain refused to grant independence to rebels fighting in Cuba and sinking of the battleship Maine. Result: Cuba becomes independent country and the U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.

131. Significance of the Roosevelt Corollary

announced to the world that the United States would exercise international policing power in the Western Hemisphere in order to protect its interests in the area.

132. Significance of the Panama Canal

To create a faster sea route that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and enforce the Roosevelt Corollary.