eoc history review task card Flashcards

economic concept where the colonies served only to provide raw materials to the English businesses.

Economy based on Agricultures, development of cash-crops (tobacco, rice, indigo and cotton)

Economy base on trading, small business and fishing industry shipping of goods.

Trading and agriculture based economies. Raw Material items that significantly shaped their trade based economy. However, the Mid-Atlantic Colonies also farmed significant quantities of wheat and corn, similar to the cash crop production of their southern neighbors.

The Mid-Atlantic Colonies were the most diverse because there was no dominant culture. Various European cultures came to be represented in England’s American Colonies. Immigrants traveled from Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands, and Germany. Religious immigrants included Protestant sects, Catholicism, Judaism, and Quakerism

part of the Trans-Atlantic trade route were slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas.

African American culture grew as a result of an increase in need for unskilled labor.

British policy that believed the colonies would become more economically productive if they were not restricted by British policies.

Colonists began questioning traditional authority (King & Great Britain)

It forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and put the territory under British military control.

led to the quartering of troops and closed the port of Boston as punishment for the Boston Tea Party.

The Sons of Liberty often used violence to intimidate any merchant or royal official who might otherwise use the stamps. The Sons of Liberty destroyed large amounts of tea during the Boston Tea Party

helped colonist boycott against the British by using their skills to weave fabric and other products that were usually bought from Britain

The Committees of Correspondence were created as a direct response to the Intolerable acts.

Paine argued there was no way to compromise with the British and war was inevitable.

In June 1776, the delegates to the Second Continental Congress decided to declare independence from Great Britain. They appointed a committee to prepare a Declaration of Independence that would outline the reasons the colonist wanted to separate from British rule.

The Committee of Five was made up of Thomas Jefferson, John Livingston, Ben Franklin, John Adams and Roger Sherman

All people have the right to life, liberty, and property (pursuit of happiness). Thomas Jefferson said: Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

If government does not meet the needs of the people, then the people have a right to overthrow the government or break the contract

Benjamin Franklin and John Adams serving as the American ambassador to France, convinced the French to Provide financial and military assistance during the war

When the American Revolution began, George Washington was named commander in chief of the Continental Army.

helped Washington effectively used their time at Valley Forge to train the Continental army.

was a French soldier that commanded American troops and fought battles in many states.

The army faced problems with housing, food, clothing, disease and cold weather. Yet, Washington with the help of Baron von Steuben was able to turn the Continental Army into a stronger military force.

Washington made what seemed to be an impossible Crossing of the Delaware River to defeat the British in the Battle of Trenton.

The British plan to defeat the rebellious Americans was to drive a wedge between New England and the rest of the colonies.

Britain’s plan to counter the French–American alliance was to have General Charles Cornwallis move the war to the southern states to try to separate those colonies from revolutionary forces in the North.

Cornwallis was forced to surrender, and the American Revolution came to an end in North America.

Two of the strengths of this new national government were the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance in 1787.

Banned slavery above the Ohio River Valley, leads to sectionalism (North vs. South). America encouraged westward migration (Manifest Destiny). Made laws for admitting new states into the Union such as Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Mandated the establishment of public schools in the Northwest Territory

No executive branch. Lacked the power to tax. Gave power to the state's governments (not the national government)

In Shay’s Rebellion, Daniel Shays led more than a thousand farmers who, like him, were burdened with personal debts caused by economic problems stemming from the Revolutionary War debts.

in May of 1787, George Washington was elected president of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where he and the Founding Fathers created the United States Constitution.

...

...

One great issue facing the delegates to the Constitutional Convention was how different sized states could have equal representation in the new government.

Gave the South Representation they shouldn’t have or their population didn’t allow.

The Constitution was eventually ratified and became the basis for all law, rights, and governmental power in the United States

wanted the Constitution and a strong national (federal or central) government.

wrote The Federalist papers that supported ratification of the Constitution and explained the intent behind its major provisions.

believed the government created by the Constitution would be too powerful and would eliminate the power of the states.

is the first 10 amendments to the Constitution and they guarantee states’ rights and individuals’ rights.

Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press, and the right to petition the government

During George Washington's time as the President of the United States, he set many precedents that would shape the role of the President of the United State. Here are examples of a couple of his precedents: Set the rule for two term limits for president. Initiated the Farewell Address for presidents. Create the cabinet for the executive branch.

he warned citizens about two future political issues. He favored nonintervention (Isolationism or Neutrality) in European affairs. He avoided siding with France against Great Britain on political issues.

The Sedition Act: tried to stop the anti-Federalist criticism with attempts to limit the speech and press rights of Jefferson’s followers.

John Adams Sedition Act lost him the election to Democrats-Republican-Thomas Jefferson.

He was unsure if the Constitution gave him the authority to purchase the Louisiana Territory.

Thomas Jefferson sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase and the western lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

Americans wished to drive the British out of Northwest Territory altogether by conquering Canada. The British policy of aggression at sea.

British impressment forced thousands of American sailors to serve in the British navy after their American ships were captured at sea.

After the War of 1812, Americans felt good about themselves. But, Britain still supplied America with most of its good, this hurt American manufacturing

announced that the United States would prevent European nations from interfering with independent American countries.

was a political philosophy that showed how the people can impact govt.

The Nullification Crisis resulted when southern states sought to nullify (cancel) a high tariff (tax) Congress had passed on manufactured goods imported from Europe.

...

a South Carolinian, resigned from the vice-presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in this crisis.

was designed to connect the Northerners economically with the South and West.

A tariff – A tariff is a tax on imported goods. It made European goods more expensive and encouraged Americans to buy cheaper products made in America. The tariff also made the country money, which would be used to improve things.
A National Bank - The establishment of a national bank that would promote a single currency (money), making trade easier.
Highways and Canals –These roads and canals would make trade easier between merchants and farmers in the North, South, and West.

-Temperance movement

-Public school movement

-Womens movement

Issue: People should drink less alcohol, or alcohol should be outlawed altogether. Impact: This movement increased the size of Protestant religious organizations. Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement.

Issue: All children should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained teachers. Impact: This movement established education as a right for all children and as a state and local issue it improved the quality of schools by requiring trained teachers.

Women did not have the right to vote (suffrage) and often lacked legal custody of their own children in the early 1800s.

a violent slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations and they killed 60 whites. Turner was captured, tried, and executed. To stop such slave uprisings, white leaders passed new laws limiting the rights of slaves.

Issue: Slavery should be abolished and it should not be allowed in new states. Impact: This movement made slavery and its expansion an important political issue.

Calmed concerns of Northern and Southern politicians on the issue of representation and their votes.

was the belief that United States needed to control land between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.

Increasing numbers of American settlers filled the region north of the Rio Grande, particularly in the 1820s and 1830s. This resulted in a successful drive for Texas independence and a push for annexation that soon after the United States recognized the Texas Republic on March 3, 1837.

Motto to encourage westward expansion to Oregon

the United States took Texas into the Union and set its sights on the Mexican territories of New Mexico and California.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ends the war and the U.S. gains Texas, California, New Mexico and Arizona.

The antislavery position was outlined in a proposal called the Wilmot Proviso, but the House of Representatives failed to approve it, and the issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.

The state of New Mexico would be established by carving its borders from the state of Texas. New Mexico voters would determine whether the state would permit or prohibit the practice of slavery. California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. All citizens would be required to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their owners. Those who failed to do so would be fined or imprisoned. The slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery would be allowed to continue there.

The Kansas- Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and was approved by Congress.

Kansas and Nebraska popular sovereignty (rule by the people) the right to decide for themselves whether their state would be a free or a slave state.

In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the Scott v. Sanford decision, settling a lawsuit in which an African American slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free-states.

on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. To take over weapons and start a slave rebellion in the South.

When Lincoln won the election, South Carolina responded by seceding (withdrawing) from the Union on December 20, 1860.

From the start, the Confederacy was at a serious disadvantage. The southern economies had less population, food production and weapon production the northern states. The northern economies had better railroads to transport resources and troops to the front lines of the war

During the war, Lincoln suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus––the legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held in custody.

Lincoln used his emergency powers again to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which emancipated (freed) all slaves held in the Confederate states.

When Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address, Union victory over the Confederacy was certain, and Americans foresaw an end to slavery.

Accepted unconditional surrender of Confederate Gen. Lee at Appomattox Courthouse to end Civil War. Lincoln’s most trusted general during war

Union general who took command of the western forces after Grant decided to remain with troops in the East. Destroyed Atlanta and led the March to the Sea.

President of Confederate States of America, 1861–1865

The most successful Confederate general. Surrendered to U.S. Gen. Grant to end Civil War

Gen. Lee secondhand man. Noted for his ability to use geography to his advantage. Died in battle.

The Battle of Fort Sumter was the beginning of the Civil War

Encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, gave Northerners a moral reason to fight.

Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy and North gains control of Mississippi River.

A major Southern victory on northern soil might also convince Great Britain and France to aid Confederate forces.

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address helped shape popular opinion in favor of preserving the Union.

Example of Grant and Sherman use total war to end Civil War.

destroys the railways, roads, and bridges along the path to the sea (Savannah). Now the South knows it would lose the Civil War.

Now that the Union had been preserved, Lincoln introduced a plan for Reconstruction (rebuilding) of the South rather than punishing the South.

Such restrictions allowed whites to continue to control and profit from the labor of African Americans even though slavery did not technically exist.

On May 16, 1868, the Senate voted to acquit (innocent or cleared) Johnson's presidency by just one vote.

Reconnected families separated by slaver and provided clothes, medical attention, food, education, and even land to African Americans coming out of slavery.

Ended slavery throughout the United States

Guarantees that no one (regardless of race) would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process.

All male citizens have the right to vote, 21 years of age.

Southern states also enacted black codes (laws that limited the rights of freed blacks so much that they basically kept them living like slaves).

The election is between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden.

Southern States agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes electoral votes if he removes federal troops from South.

Used the concepts of trust and monopoly to control more than 90% of America’s oil industry.

Another successful big business owner of the late 19th century was Andrew Carnegie. The Carnegie Steel Company used the latest technology of the Bessemer process to forge steel more efficiently.

The controlled the entire production process from resource to finished product, which included mining the raw materials, industrial production of steel, and transportation for both resources and finished products.

conversations were more efficient and true discussion between individuals in distant locations was made possible.

machine received coded messages across electric wires connecting long distances, ended the Phony Express.

People and businesses could work past day light, and the light bulb also illuminated buildings, streets, and neighborhoods across the United States.

• Location: eastern and southern Europe
• Religion: Jewish or Catholic
• Language: spoke no English

The new immigrants were mostly poor, so they worked as unskilled laborers and lived mostly in cities.

They created communities to imitate the cultures of their home countries (little Italy and china).

used strikes (work stoppages) to convince employers to give workers shorter workdays, better working conditions, higher wages, and greater control over how they carried out their workplace responsibilities.

As a symbol of the completion of Manifest Destiny (Westward Expansion)

Steel plow and Barbed wire

Wounded Knee was originally referred to as a battle, but in reality it was a tragic and avoidable massacre.

...

journalists that investigated and exposed political corruption, child labor, slum conditions, and other social issues

Exposed the horrible conditions under which immigrants worked and lived, which led to the passing laws aimed at improving urban tenements.

Exposed unsanitary conditions, which led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Passage of the Meat Inspection Act

Her Hull House was a social service agency that provided help to recent immigrants about home economics, basic medical care, the English language and legal rights.

She criticized Standard Oil Company’s unfair business practices, which resulted in the breakup of the Standard Oil Company & monopolies.

were established in the South and resulted in inferior education, health care, and transportation systems for African Americans.

Increased use of Jim Crow law in United States. U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Jim Crow laws were constitutional. Creates “separate but equal” doctrine, the court ruled racial segregation was legal in public facilities.

To legally fight against the loss of their civil rights, African Americans created the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Helped save millions of acres of wilderness land and created the national park system

• To increase the U.S.’s economic and military interests in Southwest Asia and Americas.
• Needed more resources (raw materials)

Spain refused to grant independence to rebels fighting in Cuba and sinking of the battleship Maine. Result: Cuba becomes independent country and the U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.

announced to the world that the United States would exercise international policing power in the Western Hemisphere in order to protect its interests in the area.

To create a faster sea route that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and enforce the Roosevelt Corollary.