Olfactory

I. cranial nerve (S); smell

Optic

II. cranial nerve (S); sight

Oculomotor

III. cranial nerve (M); moves the pupil and lens of eye

Trochlear

IV. cranial nerve (M); moves the eye

Trigeminal

V. cranial nerve (B); largest of the cranial nerves; functions in chewing and face sensations

Abducens

VI cranial nerve (M); moves the eye

Facial

VII. cranial nerve (B); facial expressions and anterior 2/3 of tongue

Vestibulocochlear

VIII. cranial nerve (S); sound

Glossopharyngeal

IX. cranial nerve (B); functions in swallowing, saliva, taste

Vagus

X. cranial nerve (B); controls the peripheral nervous system

Accessory

XI. cranial nerve (M); swallowing and movement of the head and neck

Hypoglossal

XII. cranial nerve (M); speech, swallowing, and tongue muscles

Astrocyte

located in the central nervous system; the most abundant cells found in neural tissue

function = anchor neurons; facilitate exchange of materials between capillaries and neurons; uptake excess ions and neurotransmitters

microglia

located in the central nervous system; has relatively few extensions

function = phagocytic (immune defense), digest dead neurons and debris

oligodendrocyte

located in the central nervous system; extensions wrap around axons of CNS neurons; unlike Schwann cells, one of these can myelinate dozens of axons

functions = produce myelin sheaths that insulate CNS neurons and speed up neurotransmitters

Ependyma

located in the central nervous system; form the epithelial lining of the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

function = circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and facilitate exchange of materials between the CSF and interstitial fluid if brain/spinal cord

Schwann cells

located in the peripheral nervous system; extensive lipid membranes wrap around PNS axons to form layers

function = produce the myelin sheaths that insulate PNS neurons; speed up neurotransmission

Satellite Cells

located in the peripheral nervous system; surround the soma of neurons within PNS ganglia

function = protect and cushion PNS neurons

Acetylcholine (ACh)

stimulates skeletal muscle

norepinephrine

influences mood and sleep patterns

dopamine

associated wit mood, attention, reward sateen, and movement

histamine

works with the hypothalamus to promote wakefulness

serotonin

has many roles: mostly inhibitory; influences mood, sleep, hunger, arousal

GABA

the major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

the major excitatory neurotransmitter