The nervous system includes?

the brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves

sends messages back and forth between the brain and body

Astrocytes-

maintain blood-brain barrier

control levels of neurotransmitters around synapes

regulate ions

provides metabolic support\

Ependymal cells-

line spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Oligodendrocytes-

myelinate CNS axons

provide structural framework

Microglia

brains immune cells (similar to macrophages)

remove dead cells and pathogens through phagocytosis

Satellite cells

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia

regulate neurotransmitter levels

Schwann cells

myelinate neurons in PNS

maintain and regenerate neurons after injury

Neurophysiology

study of the functional properties of neurons, glia, and networks

What is an ion channel, and what kind of channels are there?

allows molecules to cross the membrane

voltage-gated channel

chemically activated channel

mechanically gated channel

What ions are involved in resting membrane and action potential?

Na+ and K+

What occurs in an action potential?

Depolarizing voltage activates the Na+ ion channels in neuronal membrane. The channels open in a positive feedback loop which results in a greater amount of Na+ in the cell than K+. The membrane depolarizes to equilibrium(55mV). Action potential is generated.

What occurs at when an action potential returns to resting membrane potential?

Na+ channels become less active as the action potential decreases, K+ current leads to a period of hyperpolarization before deactivating and returning to the resting phase.

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials- (EPSPs)

binding of neurotransmitter leads to opening of ion channels

cation influx in post-synaptic process

depolarization of membrane

EPSP depolarization are recorded in post synaptic cell to a certain excitatory stimulus

Depolarization associated with EPSPs can trigger action potentials if summation were to occur

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials-

ion channels allow postsynaptic anion influx when open

hyperpolarization of the membrane occurs due to an influx of Cl- and efflux of K+

important for modulating the neurons response to excitatory input at synapse

found in proximal dendrite and soma

influence the dendritic tree

Acetylcholine is

a neurotransmitter that widely spread through the nervous system, including neuromuscular junction and autonomic NS.

The higher brain is responsible for

cognitive and behavioral processes

The PNS-

connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

transmits information to and from the CNS

The CNS is responsible for-

Receiving, processing, and responding to signals

Function of the frontal lobe:

voluntary motor function

problem-solving

attention

memory

language

Function of the parietal lobe:

processing sensory information

contains somatosensory cortex

Function of occipital lobe

receives visual information

Function of the temporal lobe

auditory

speech comprehension

Basal nuclei are responsible for?

Movements and coordination

The thalamus controls?

sensory receptors that are located thought the body and process the information for distribution to the appropriate cortical area. Regulates consciousness and sleep.

The hypothalamus controls?

heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, thirst, temperature, and the release of hormones.

The function of the pons?

connects the medulla oblongata and the thalamus, relays impulses from motor cortex to cerebellum, medulla, and thalamus

The medulla oblongata controls?

autonomic functions (respiratory system, cardiovascular system, vasomotor center, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing)

The cerebellum is responsible for?

coordinated voluntary movements. coordination in arms and legs, maintains balance and posture. communication from pons to cerebellum. voluntary muscle contractions.

The limbic system controls?

emotion, memory, and motivation.

The hypothalamus receives most of the limbic output.

Reticular formation is?

Reticular activation system (RAS), responsible for consciousness. filters out repetitive, weak stimuli, prevents brain from responding to unimportant info and sensory overload.

The spinal cord is responsible for

involuntary and voluntary reflexes

Examples of cognitive higher brain functions include-

Intellectual function, memory, speech, language, complex perception, orientation, attention, judgement, planning, decision making

Examples of behavioral higher brain functions include-

psychological make-up, traits, response styles

Osseous tissue is responsible for

hard and mineralized connective tissues

reservoir minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

fat storage (yellow marrow)

hematopoiesis (red marrow)

The axial skeleton consists of how many bones?

80

The axial skeleton includes?

spine, skull, ribcage

(protects internal structures, origin of muscles)

The appendicular skeleton has how many bones?

126

The appendicular skeleton includes-

arms, legs, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle.

(key role in movement. insertion of most muscles)

Function of the skeleton is

protection, movement, and support

The function of joints are

to hold bones together, allow bones to move, bones to articulate with at least one other bone (EXCEPT HYOID)

fibrous joints are

immovable

synovial joints are

freely movable

Function classification of joints are:

focus on amount of movement

synarthrosis

amphiarthrosis

diarthosis

Structural classification of joints

seperates the bony regions at the joint

fibrous

cartilage

joint cavity

Contractility is

ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten

Excitability is -

ability to respond to a stimulus, which can be delivered from a motor neuron or hormone

Extensibility is-

the ability of a muscle to be stretched.

Elasticity is-

the ability to recoil or bounce back to the muscle's original length after being stretched

Functions of muscles

movement

maintenance of posture

respiration

heat generation

communication

constriction of organs and blood vessels

pumping blood

Skeletal muscles are

long, cylindrical fibers, striated, many peripherally located nuclei

The function of skeletal muscles is

voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs.

Skeletal muscles are located-

attached to bones and around entry and exit sites in body (ex. mouth, anus)

Cardiac muscles are-

short, branched, striated, single central nucleus

The function of cardiac muscles-

contracts to pump blood

Cardiac muscle is located in

heart (duh)

Smooth muscles are

short, spindle shaped, no striations, single nucleus in each fiber

Function of smooth muscle is:

involuntary movement, involuntary control of respiration, digestion, move secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction.

Smooth muscle is located in

walls of major organs and passageways