front 1 The nervous system includes? | back 1 the brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves sends messages back and forth between the brain and body |
front 2 Astrocytes- | back 2 maintain blood-brain barrier control levels of neurotransmitters around synapes regulate ions provides metabolic support\ |
front 3 Ependymal cells- | back 3 line spinal cord and ventricles of the brain involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
front 4 Oligodendrocytes- | back 4 myelinate CNS axons provide structural framework |
front 5 Microglia | back 5 brains immune cells (similar to macrophages) remove dead cells and pathogens through phagocytosis |
front 6 Satellite cells | back 6 surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia regulate neurotransmitter levels |
front 7 Schwann cells | back 7 myelinate neurons in PNS maintain and regenerate neurons after injury |
front 8 Neurophysiology | back 8 study of the functional properties of neurons, glia, and networks |
front 9 What is an ion channel, and what kind of channels are there? | back 9 allows molecules to cross the membrane voltage-gated channel chemically activated channel mechanically gated channel |
front 10 What ions are involved in resting membrane and action potential? | back 10 Na+ and K+ |
front 11 What occurs in an action potential? | back 11 Depolarizing voltage activates the Na+ ion channels in neuronal membrane. The channels open in a positive feedback loop which results in a greater amount of Na+ in the cell than K+. The membrane depolarizes to equilibrium(55mV). Action potential is generated. |
front 12 What occurs at when an action potential returns to resting membrane potential? | back 12 Na+ channels become less active as the action potential decreases, K+ current leads to a period of hyperpolarization before deactivating and returning to the resting phase. |
front 13 Excitatory post-synaptic potentials- (EPSPs) | back 13 binding of neurotransmitter leads to opening of ion channels cation influx in post-synaptic process depolarization of membrane EPSP depolarization are recorded in post synaptic cell to a certain excitatory stimulus Depolarization associated with EPSPs can trigger action potentials if summation were to occur |
front 14 Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials- | back 14 ion channels allow postsynaptic anion influx when open hyperpolarization of the membrane occurs due to an influx of Cl- and efflux of K+ important for modulating the neurons response to excitatory input at synapse found in proximal dendrite and soma influence the dendritic tree |
front 15 Acetylcholine is | back 15 a neurotransmitter that widely spread through the nervous system, including neuromuscular junction and autonomic NS. |
front 16 The higher brain is responsible for | back 16 cognitive and behavioral processes |
front 17 The PNS- | back 17 connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body transmits information to and from the CNS |
front 18 The CNS is responsible for- | back 18 Receiving, processing, and responding to signals |
front 19 Function of the frontal lobe: | back 19 voluntary motor function problem-solving attention memory language |
front 20 Function of the parietal lobe: | back 20 processing sensory information contains somatosensory cortex |
front 21 Function of occipital lobe | back 21 receives visual information |
front 22 Function of the temporal lobe | back 22 auditory speech comprehension |
front 23 Basal nuclei are responsible for? | back 23 Movements and coordination |
front 24 The thalamus controls? | back 24 sensory receptors that are located thought the body and process the information for distribution to the appropriate cortical area. Regulates consciousness and sleep. |
front 25 The hypothalamus controls? | back 25 heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, thirst, temperature, and the release of hormones. |
front 26 The function of the pons? | back 26 connects the medulla oblongata and the thalamus, relays impulses from motor cortex to cerebellum, medulla, and thalamus |
front 27 The medulla oblongata controls? | back 27 autonomic functions (respiratory system, cardiovascular system, vasomotor center, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing) |
front 28 The cerebellum is responsible for? | back 28 coordinated voluntary movements. coordination in arms and legs, maintains balance and posture. communication from pons to cerebellum. voluntary muscle contractions. |
front 29 The limbic system controls? | back 29 emotion, memory, and motivation. The hypothalamus receives most of the limbic output. |
front 30 Reticular formation is? | back 30 Reticular activation system (RAS), responsible for consciousness. filters out repetitive, weak stimuli, prevents brain from responding to unimportant info and sensory overload. |
front 31 The spinal cord is responsible for | back 31 involuntary and voluntary reflexes |
front 32 Examples of cognitive higher brain functions include- | back 32 Intellectual function, memory, speech, language, complex perception, orientation, attention, judgement, planning, decision making |
front 33 Examples of behavioral higher brain functions include- | back 33 psychological make-up, traits, response styles |
front 34 Osseous tissue is responsible for | back 34 hard and mineralized connective tissues reservoir minerals (calcium and phosphorus) fat storage (yellow marrow) hematopoiesis (red marrow) |
front 35 The axial skeleton consists of how many bones? | back 35 80 |
front 36 The axial skeleton includes? | back 36 spine, skull, ribcage (protects internal structures, origin of muscles) |
front 37 The appendicular skeleton has how many bones? | back 37 126 |
front 38 The appendicular skeleton includes- | back 38 arms, legs, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle. (key role in movement. insertion of most muscles) |
front 39 Function of the skeleton is | back 39 protection, movement, and support |
front 40 The function of joints are | back 40 to hold bones together, allow bones to move, bones to articulate with at least one other bone (EXCEPT HYOID) |
front 41 fibrous joints are | back 41 immovable |
front 42 synovial joints are | back 42 freely movable |
front 43 Function classification of joints are: | back 43 focus on amount of movement synarthrosis amphiarthrosis diarthosis |
front 44 Structural classification of joints | back 44 seperates the bony regions at the joint fibrous cartilage joint cavity |
front 45 Contractility is | back 45 ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten |
front 46 Excitability is - | back 46 ability to respond to a stimulus, which can be delivered from a motor neuron or hormone |
front 47 Extensibility is- | back 47 the ability of a muscle to be stretched. |
front 48 Elasticity is- | back 48 the ability to recoil or bounce back to the muscle's original length after being stretched |
front 49 Functions of muscles | back 49 movement maintenance of posture respiration heat generation communication constriction of organs and blood vessels pumping blood |
front 50 Skeletal muscles are | back 50 long, cylindrical fibers, striated, many peripherally located nuclei |
front 51 The function of skeletal muscles is | back 51 voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs. |
front 52 Skeletal muscles are located- | back 52 attached to bones and around entry and exit sites in body (ex. mouth, anus) |
front 53 Cardiac muscles are- | back 53 short, branched, striated, single central nucleus |
front 54 The function of cardiac muscles- | back 54 contracts to pump blood |
front 55 Cardiac muscle is located in | back 55 heart (duh) |
front 56 Smooth muscles are | back 56 short, spindle shaped, no striations, single nucleus in each fiber |
front 57 Function of smooth muscle is: | back 57 involuntary movement, involuntary control of respiration, digestion, move secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction. |
front 58 Smooth muscle is located in | back 58 walls of major organs and passageways |