Your patient's red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by what?

-Gender difference

-Situational variation

- Illness

All of data that you need to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be considered?

The problem and its definition

The etiology of the problem

The defining characteristics or risk factors of the problem

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to..... Select all that apply

Decreased urinary output

Increased sodium retention

Increased blood pressure

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to..... (Select all that apply)

-Cardiovascular disease

-Depression

-Impaired cognitive function

-Autoimmune disease

Bacteria cause injury to cells by which mechanisms. (Select all that apply)

- Producing exotoxin

- Producing endotoxins

- Producing destructive enzymes

- Evoking an immune reaction

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they act in which of the following ways? ( Select all that apply)

-Enter the host cell

-use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate

-and do not produce toxins

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age

Side effects of chemotherapy include.... (select all that apply)

-Anemia

-Nausea

-Bleeding

-Infections

-Bone marrow suppression

Which viruses are associated with human cancers? ( select all that apply)

-HPV
-EBV

-HBV

-HCV

-HIV

RhoGAM is given to an Rh-negative mother in order to prevent.... WHAT

RH incompatibility in a future pregnancy

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is

IgE

Secondary immune deficiency problems may be caused by which of the following? (select all that apply)

Surgery

High blood sugar

Corticosteroids

Low protein level

What Diseases are due to type IV hypersensitivity? ( select all that apply)

Leprosy

Tuberculosis

Herpes simplex infection

Which form of leukemia demonstrate the presence of Philadelphia chromosome?

CML ( chronic myeloid leukemia)

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with... WHAT ?

-Epstein

- Barr virus

CML symptom's

Fatigue

Weight loss

Bleeding

Abdominal discomfort

Sweats

Which clinical findings describe the typical presentation of ALL ? (select all that apply)

-Pain in long bone

-Infection

-Fever

-Bruising

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristics of which type of anemia ?

Iron deficiency

The cause of the most common form of anemia is what ???

Iron deficiency anemia

Anemia related to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency is characterized by what laboratory features? All that apply

- RBC count of 500,000-750,000 cells/mm3

- WBC count of 4000-5000 cells/mm3

Regarding iron deficiency anemia, what laboratory features are typically decreased? (select all that apply)

-MCV

- MCH

- MCHC

The final step in clot formation is.... what?

Fibrinogen to fibrin

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by... what?

Tissue thromboplastin

The megakaryocyte is a precursor to.... what?

Platelets

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to do what ??

Inhibit clotting factor consumption

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs.. what?

Platelet adhesion to injured tissue

What is involved in the release of plasminogen activators? ( select all that apply)

-Factor XII

-HMWK

- Kallikrein

- Thrombin

Diseases may be associated with a bleeding problem? (select all that apply)

-urinary retention

- renal failure

- cirrhosis

-systemic lupus erythematosus

- ovarian cancer

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

Thrombocytopenia

Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?

Absent peripheral pulse

The pain characteristics of chronic venous insufficiency. ( select all that apply)

- Aching and cramping in the affected area

- relief with elevation to the area

- relief with ambulation

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increases what??

Afterload

High blood pressure increases the risk of which conditions?

- Stroke

- renal disease

-ischemic disease

Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for which of the following problems? ( select all that apply)

-ischemic stroke

- retinal injury

- renal impairment

Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for which conditions? ( select all that apply)

- stroke

- cognitive impairment

- death

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction is directed at

decreasing myocardial oxygen demands

Patient's presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with:

Antiplatelet drugs

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

Diastolic murmur

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called ____ angina

Prinz metal variant

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to:

Rupture

Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present with which manifestations? ( select all that apply)

-Unstable angina

-MI

-Sudden cardiac arrest

Diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm MI include which of the following? (select all that apply)

-Electrocardiogram

-Cardiac catheterization

-Echocardiography

-Radionuclide scintigraphy

First degree heart block is characterized by... what?

Prolonged PR interval

A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) This pt is most likely described as an .... what?

elderly woman without history of MI

The most common causes of heart failure include which of the following? ( select all that apply)

Coronary heart disease

Heart attack

A patient experiencing shock may exhibit which signs and symptoms? (select all that apply)

Pulse of more than 100 bpm

Fast and deep respirations

Anaphylactic shock signs and symptoms in a patient? (select all that apply )

Hypotension

Urticaria

Angioedema

Wheezing

Septic shock is commonly associated with Gram-negative infections and Gram positive organisms that enter the body through which body systems? (select all that apply)

Genitourinary tract

Gastrointestinal tract

Respiratory tract

Skin

Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries because of ... what?

Release of proteolytic enzymes from immature cells

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of what???

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

Cystic fibrosis is associated with what??

Bronchiectasis

Croup is characterized by... what ??

Barking cough

Hoarseness

Stridor

Difficulty breathing

COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes... ?

Air trapping

Characteristics of asthma? (select all that apply)

Edema

Airway inflammation

Collagen deposits

The hallmark manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome is .... what ?

Hypoxemia

Empyema is defined as an... what ?

Infection in the pleural space

A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is... what?

Noncompliance to medication regimen

Bacteria pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by... what?

Cardiogenetic pulmonary edema

A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is... what?

Dry cough

Which alteration can lead to edema?

Decreased lymphatic flow

Hypernatremia may be caused by what?

Excessive sodium intake

Gain of sodium

Loss of water

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include.. what?

Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of what??

Increase neuromuscular excitability

Acid that kidneys unable to excrete?

Carbonic

Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of ... what?

Metabolic acid deficit

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by... what ?

Hypoventilation

Diarrhea causes... what?

Metabolic acidosis

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in... what?

Increase PH

Increase HCO3

A patient is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What s/s should you anticipate in your assessment?

Rapid and deep breathing

Abdominal pain

Lethargy

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is... what?

Immune complex reaction

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of _____ in the urine

Protein

One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is ... what

pelvic tumor

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because ??

hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipid

Risk factors for renal carcinoma? (all that apply)

Genetic

cigarette smoking

obesity

chemical

Manifestations of acute pyelonephritis? ( all that apply)

Dehydration

Low urine output symptoms

fever

chills

costovertebral angle tenderness

urosepesis

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by... what?

Fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance

Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end stage renal disease because of ???

Hyperparathyroidism

A pt with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate because?

GFR declines

The most helpful laboratory value in the monitoring the progression of declining renal function is... what ?

serum creatinine

The most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is ??

Ischemic conditions

Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by what

Bilateral kidney stones

Anemia in people how have end stage chronic renal disease is caused by what ?

decreased secretion of erythropoietin

Signs of chronic renal failure? (select all that apply)

High serum potassium levels

high serum phosphorous

high blood urea nitrogen

high anemia

The diet for a pt with chronic kidney disease should include which of the following ( select all that apply)

high carbohydrates

low sodium

low potassium

low phosphorous

high calories

A patient missed two dialysis sessions. What conditions will the pt likely demonstrate?

Lethargy

increased BUN

skeletal muscle weakness

hyperkalemia

rapid breathing

Group with highest risk for UTI

sexually active females

A ureterocele is what ?

cystic dilation of the distal ureter near insertion into the bladder

The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is what??

smoking

males

older than 55 years old

Caucasian

Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with... what?

Recurrent cystitis

Which situations increase the risk of urge incontinence

diabetes

hysterectomy

antidepressants

diuretics

bp meds

Characteristics of cystitis ?

women

catheterization of the bladder

fostered by stasis of urine

Cystitis symptoms? All that apply

dysuria

urinary frequency

cloudy, bloody smelling urine

low back pain

fever

Cryptorchidism is ... what?

undescended testicles

A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling or urine and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristics of what?

prostatic enlargement

Which medication classes does the nurse educate men on for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED)? All that apply

Tadalafil

Medications can be prescribed for the treatment of premature ejaculation? select all that apply

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants

Causes of male infertility ( select all that apply)

Low sperm count

obstruction in the shaft

Uterine prolapse is cause by relaxation of what ?

cardinal ligaments

Endometriosis is a condition in ... what ?

tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus