pathophysiology final
Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by WHAT?
All of data that you need to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be considered?
etiological, and symptoms or defining characteristics
Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to Select all that apply….NICE
Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead Select all that apply.,,,,NICE
Bacteria cause injury to cells by which mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene
Genetic Breast cancer
Side effects of chemotherapy include all that apply.)
Viruses are associated with human cancers? all that apply.)
RhoGAM is given to an Rh-negative mother in order to prevent….WHAT
mother in order to prevent Therapeutic or spontaneous abortion
The principal Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is
type I hypersensitivity reactions is IgE
Secondary immune deficiency problems may be caused by which of the following? ( All that apply.)
Diseases are due to type IV hypersensitivity? All that apply.)
Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with…WHAT?
Epstein-Barr Virus
CML (chronic myeloid leukemia ALL THE symptoms? All that apply.)
Which clinical findings describe the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)? Act all that apply.)
A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
IRON DEFICENCY ANEMIA
The cause of the most common form of anemia is..WHAT?
IRON DEFICENCY
Anemia related to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency is characterized by what laboratory features? All that apply….DELICIOUS!!!!
Regarding iron-deficiency anemia, what laboratory features are typically decreased? All that apply.)
The final step in clot formation is…WHAT
clot retraction
Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by…WHAT
Tissue thromboplastin
The megakaryocyte is a precursor to……OF WHAT
platelets
Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to..DO WHAT?
heparin to Prevent further clotting
A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs…..WHAT?
platelet adhesion to injured tissue
What is involved in the release of plasminogen activators? All that apply.)
Diseases may be associated with a bleeding problem? All that apply.)
Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia
Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?
The pain characteristics of chronic venous insufficiency (all that apply.)
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increases..WHAT?
Afterload
High blood pressure increases the risk of which conditions? All that apply.)
Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for which of the following problems? All that apply.)
Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for which conditions? All that apply.)
Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at
Restoring blood flow to the affected area of the heart
Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant med
Aortic regurgitation is associated with
Heart valve disease
Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.
Prinzmetal's angina
Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
ruptures
Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present with which manifestations? (Select all that apply.)
Diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm MI include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
First-degree heart block is characterized by …WHAT?
Prolonged PR interval
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This patient is most likely described as a(n)……WHAT?
elderly woman
The most common causes of heart failure include which of the following? All that apply.)
A patient experiencing shock may exhibit which signs and symptoms? All that apply.)
Anaphylactic shock. signs and symptoms in the patient? All that apply.)
Septic shock is commonly associated with Gram-negative infections and Gram-positive organisms that enter the body through which body systems? All that apply.)
Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of WHAT?
Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of?????
Increased resistance pulmonary circulation
Cystic fibrosis is associated with…WHAT???
A defect in chloride ion transport
Croup is characterized by…..WHAT????
COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes…..??????
Air to be trapped in the lungs
Characteristics of asthma? All that apply.)
Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they act in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply.)
The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is…WHAT
hypoxemia
Empyema is defined as an…..WHAT?
a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space)
A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is…WHAT?
noncompliance
Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by…WHAT?
accumulation of alveolar exudates
A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is……WHAT?
dry cough
Which alteration can lead to edema?
Decreased lymphatic flow
Hypernatremia may be caused by WHAT
decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include…WHAT
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include….WHAT
muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias
A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of…WHAT?
increased neuromuscular excitability
Acid that kidneys are unable to excrete?
carbonic
Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of…WHAT
metabolic acid deficit
Respiratory acidosis may be caused by…..WHAT
hypoventilation
Diarrhea causes……WHAT?
dehydration
Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in…..WHAT
A patient is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?...NICE!!.....LET’S SEE CAPOTE!
The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is…WHAT?
an immune complex reaction
Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine.
protein
One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is…WHAT
pelvic tumor
Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because???????
hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids
Risk factors for renal carcinoma? (All that apply.)
Manifestations of acute pyelonephritis? All that apply….QUE RICO!!
The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by..WHAT?
fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance.
Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of????
hyperparathyroidism
A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because??????
GFR declines
The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is..????
serum creatinine
the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is???
ischemic conditions
Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by…WHAT?
Anemia in people who have end-stage chronic renal disease is caused by…WHAT?
decreased secretion of erythropoietin
signs of chronic renal failure? All that apply.)
The diet for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) should include which of the following? All that apply.)
A patient missed two dialysis sessions. What conditions will the patient likely demonstrate? All that apply.),,,NICE ONE!!!
Group with highest risk for urinary tract infection?
sexually active women
A ureterocele is…WHAT?
a cystic dilation of a ureter
The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is…WHAT
cigarette smoking
Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with…WHAT
recurrent cystitis
Which situations increase the risk of urge incontinence? All that apply.)
characteristics of cystitis? All that apply.)
Cystitis symptoms ,,All that apply.)
Cryptorchidism is…WHAT?
A testicle that hasn't moved into the bag of skin below the penis before birth
A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristics of….WHAT?
prostatic enlargement
Which medication classes does the nurse educate men on for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED)? All that apply.)
Medications can be prescribed for the treatment of premature ejaculation? All that apply.)
Causes of male infertility? All that apply.)
Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of …WHAT?
cardinal ligaments
Endometriosis is a condition in ……WHAT?