kinetic energy

energy in motion

potential energy

stored energy

chemical energy

form of potential energy, held in chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule

metabolic pathway

series of chemical reactions in which molec. are broken down or built up

ADP- adenine diphosphate

2 phosphate groups attached to sugar ribose, less chemical energy than ATP

AMP- adenine phosphate

single phosphate group attached to sugar ribose, even less chemical energy than ADP

first law of thermodynamics

law of conservation of energy that state universe contains a constant amount of energy, energy is neither created nor destroyed.

entropy

energy that is not available to do work takes form of an increase in disorder.

second law of thermodynamics

transformation of energy is associated with increase disorder of the universe

thermal energy

type of kinetic energy corresponding to the random motion of molec.

muscle contraction

form of kinetic energy associated with shortening of muscle cells

reactants

molecules in chemical reaction

products

transformed into other molec. in chemical reaction

forward reaction

proceeds from left to right and reactants are located on left side of arrow

reverse reaction

proceeds from right to left and reactants are located on right side of arrow

Gibbs free energy (G)

amount of energy available to do work

endergonic

reactions w positive free energy that require an input of energy and are not spontaneous

exergonic

negative free energy that releases energy and proceeds spontaneously

spontaneous

reaction releases energy

non-spontaneous

reaction requires a sustained input of energy

energetic coupling

spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous reaction

metabolism

converts molec. into other molec. and transfer energy in living organisms.

metabolic pathway

series of chemical reactions that build or break down molec. in cells

catabolism

set of chemical reactions that breaks down molec. into smaller units and produces ATP from ADP and P

anabolism

set of chemical reactions that builds molec. from smaller units and requires an input of energy in forms of ATP which is hydrolyzed to ADP and P

enzymes

proteins that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions

catalysts

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions

carbonic anhydrase

reaction occurs in your bloodstream and is catalyzed by enzyme

transition state

unstable intermediate state between reactants and products

activation energy (E_A)

energy needed to reach the transition state

substrate

the reactant of chemical reaction

active site

part of the enzyme that binds substrate and catalyzes its conversion to the product

transient

temporary covalent bonds

lactose

disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose

optimal temperature

temp. at which enzyme is most active

denature

when enzymes unfold because of high temp.

chaperones

help protect slow-folding denatured proteins until they can attain their proper 3-d shape

thermophiles

bacteria which thrives at high temp.

activators

increase activity of enzymes

inhibitors

decrease activity of enzymes

irreversible inhibitors

form covalent bonds w enzymes and irreversibly inactivate them

reversible inhibitors

form weak bonds w enzymes and therefore easily dissociate from them

competitive inhibitor

competes w substrate for binding to the active site

non-competitive inhibitors

do not compete w substrate for binding active site

allosteric site

bind to a site other than active site of enzyme

allosteric inhibitor

binds to site other than active site