front 1 kinetic energy | back 1 energy in motion |
front 2 potential energy | back 2 stored energy |
front 3 chemical energy | back 3 form of potential energy, held in chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule |
front 4 metabolic pathway | back 4 series of chemical reactions in which molec. are broken down or built up |
front 5 ADP- adenine diphosphate | back 5 2 phosphate groups attached to sugar ribose, less chemical energy than ATP |
front 6 AMP- adenine phosphate | back 6 single phosphate group attached to sugar ribose, even less chemical energy than ADP |
front 7 first law of thermodynamics | back 7 law of conservation of energy that state universe contains a constant amount of energy, energy is neither created nor destroyed. |
front 8 entropy | back 8 energy that is not available to do work takes form of an increase in disorder. |
front 9 second law of thermodynamics | back 9 transformation of energy is associated with increase disorder of the universe |
front 10 thermal energy | back 10 type of kinetic energy corresponding to the random motion of molec. |
front 11 muscle contraction | back 11 form of kinetic energy associated with shortening of muscle cells |
front 12 reactants | back 12 molecules in chemical reaction |
front 13 products | back 13 transformed into other molec. in chemical reaction |
front 14 forward reaction | back 14 proceeds from left to right and reactants are located on left side of arrow |
front 15 reverse reaction | back 15 proceeds from right to left and reactants are located on right side of arrow |
front 16 Gibbs free energy (G) | back 16 amount of energy available to do work |
front 17 endergonic | back 17 reactions w positive free energy that require an input of energy and are not spontaneous |
front 18 exergonic | back 18 negative free energy that releases energy and proceeds spontaneously |
front 19 spontaneous | back 19 reaction releases energy |
front 20 non-spontaneous | back 20 reaction requires a sustained input of energy |
front 21 energetic coupling | back 21 spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous reaction |
front 22 metabolism | back 22 converts molec. into other molec. and transfer energy in living organisms. |
front 23 metabolic pathway | back 23 series of chemical reactions that build or break down molec. in cells |
front 24 catabolism | back 24 set of chemical reactions that breaks down molec. into smaller units and produces ATP from ADP and P |
front 25 anabolism | back 25 set of chemical reactions that builds molec. from smaller units and requires an input of energy in forms of ATP which is hydrolyzed to ADP and P |
front 26 enzymes | back 26 proteins that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions |
front 27 catalysts | back 27 substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions |
front 28 carbonic anhydrase | back 28 reaction occurs in your bloodstream and is catalyzed by enzyme |
front 29 transition state | back 29 unstable intermediate state between reactants and products |
front 30 activation energy (EA) | back 30 energy needed to reach the transition state |
front 31 substrate | back 31 the reactant of chemical reaction |
front 32 active site | back 32 part of the enzyme that binds substrate and catalyzes its conversion to the product |
front 33 transient | back 33 temporary covalent bonds |
front 34 lactose | back 34 disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose |
front 35 optimal temperature | back 35 temp. at which enzyme is most active |
front 36 denature | back 36 when enzymes unfold because of high temp. |
front 37 chaperones | back 37 help protect slow-folding denatured proteins until they can attain their proper 3-d shape |
front 38 thermophiles | back 38 bacteria which thrives at high temp. |
front 39 activators | back 39 increase activity of enzymes |
front 40 inhibitors | back 40 decrease activity of enzymes |
front 41 irreversible inhibitors | back 41 form covalent bonds w enzymes and irreversibly inactivate them |
front 42 reversible inhibitors | back 42 form weak bonds w enzymes and therefore easily dissociate from them |
front 43 competitive inhibitor | back 43 competes w substrate for binding to the active site |
front 44 non-competitive inhibitors | back 44 do not compete w substrate for binding active site |
front 45 allosteric site | back 45 bind to a site other than active site of enzyme |
front 46 allosteric inhibitor | back 46 binds to site other than active site |