kinetic energy
energy in motion
potential energy
stored energy
chemical energy
form of potential energy, held in chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule
metabolic pathway
series of chemical reactions in which molec. are broken down or built up
ADP- adenine diphosphate
2 phosphate groups attached to sugar ribose, less chemical energy than ATP
AMP- adenine phosphate
single phosphate group attached to sugar ribose, even less chemical energy than ADP
first law of thermodynamics
law of conservation of energy that state universe contains a constant amount of energy, energy is neither created nor destroyed.
entropy
energy that is not available to do work takes form of an increase in disorder.
second law of thermodynamics
transformation of energy is associated with increase disorder of the universe
thermal energy
type of kinetic energy corresponding to the random motion of molec.
muscle contraction
form of kinetic energy associated with shortening of muscle cells
reactants
molecules in chemical reaction
products
transformed into other molec. in chemical reaction
forward reaction
proceeds from left to right and reactants are located on left side of arrow
reverse reaction
proceeds from right to left and reactants are located on right side of arrow
Gibbs free energy (G)
amount of energy available to do work
endergonic
reactions w positive free energy that require an input of energy and are not spontaneous
exergonic
negative free energy that releases energy and proceeds spontaneously
spontaneous
reaction releases energy
non-spontaneous
reaction requires a sustained input of energy
energetic coupling
spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous reaction
metabolism
converts molec. into other molec. and transfer energy in living organisms.
metabolic pathway
series of chemical reactions that build or break down molec. in cells
catabolism
set of chemical reactions that breaks down molec. into smaller units and produces ATP from ADP and P
anabolism
set of chemical reactions that builds molec. from smaller units and requires an input of energy in forms of ATP which is hydrolyzed to ADP and P
enzymes
proteins that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
catalysts
substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions
carbonic anhydrase
reaction occurs in your bloodstream and is catalyzed by enzyme
transition state
unstable intermediate state between reactants and products
activation energy (EA)
energy needed to reach the transition state
substrate
the reactant of chemical reaction
active site
part of the enzyme that binds substrate and catalyzes its conversion to the product
transient
temporary covalent bonds
lactose
disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose
optimal temperature
temp. at which enzyme is most active
denature
when enzymes unfold because of high temp.
chaperones
help protect slow-folding denatured proteins until they can attain their proper 3-d shape
thermophiles
bacteria which thrives at high temp.
activators
increase activity of enzymes
inhibitors
decrease activity of enzymes
irreversible inhibitors
form covalent bonds w enzymes and irreversibly inactivate them
reversible inhibitors
form weak bonds w enzymes and therefore easily dissociate from them
competitive inhibitor
competes w substrate for binding to the active site
non-competitive inhibitors
do not compete w substrate for binding active site
allosteric site
bind to a site other than active site of enzyme
allosteric inhibitor
binds to site other than active site