final exam review
in what year does roentgen discover x-ray? (( was on the quiz ))
11/8/1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-ray accidentally while working in his lab. It was then called x-ray or Roentgen ray.
(( was on the quiz)) true or false x way was by other scientist and they were able to grasp it significance ?
False. X-ray was discovered before Roentgen by other scientist, however, all failed to grasp its significance.
what was the name of title on the first report of X-ray? (( was on the quiz ))
First report was titled: “A New Kind of Ray”.
what was the first X-ray tube called ? (( was on the quiz ))
First x-ray tube was called a Crooke’s tube.
what was the prestigious reward roentgen receive for his discovery of x-ray ?
Roentgen received First Nobel Prize in Physics.
what was the first picture that were taking by an X-ray? (( was on the quiz))
First picture or radiograph was of his wife’s hand.
Radiology defined as (( was on the quiz ))
The branch of health sciences dealing with radioactive substances and radiant energy and with the diagnosis and treatment of disease by means of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
what is the definition of Radiation ? (( was on the quiz))
Energy transmitted by waves through space or matter. It can also be said to be a form of energy that can be transmitted through matter.
what is energy?
The capacity to do work. Higher forms of energy (radiation) can ionize atoms in nature.
what is Ionization? ( (was on quiz))
Process by which a neutral atom gains or looses electrons. This process has the ability to disrupt the composition of matter, thus disrupting the life process. Therefore, exposure to radiation is limited.
what is an X-ray?
Man-made form of electromagnetic energy. X-rays are created when electrons moving at high speed are suddenly stopped.
a Radiologist defined as ?
The physician who specializes in the use of roentgen rays and other forms of energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
what is an radiography ? (( was on the quiz))
Radiography Diagnostic x-ray procedure of the human anatomy recorded on an x-ray film. The recorded image on film is called a radiograph.
what do Radiologic Technologist do ?
The individual who performs radiography or medical imaging of the internal
what is a Fluoroscopy? (( was on the quiz))
Dynamic x-ray procedure of the human anatomy which can be displayed on a TV monitor or recorded on a video or magnetic tape or stored in a computer or made into a hard copy on an x-ray film.
Computed Tomography (CT) is ?
Diagnostic procedure which utilizes more sophisticated x-ray equipment and computers to generate and record sectional images of the body
what is a Mammography?
Diagnostic examination of the mammary glands (breasts) with the use of a dedicated x-ray equipment.
what is a Cardiovascular Interventional Technology?
Specialized diagnostic examination of the cardiovascular system with the use of specialized x-ray equipment.
what is Magnetic Resonance Imaging? (( was on the quiz ))
Diagnostic imaging of the human body with use of a strong magnetic field and radio waves along with a computer to generate sectional images. MRI is not an x-ray procedure.
what is an Ultrasound / Diagnostic Medical Sonography? ((was on the quiz ))
Diagnostic imaging used to visualize structures of the body with the use of high frequency sound waves. Sonography does not utilize ionizing radiation and therefore is not an x-ray procedure.
what is Nuclear Medicine?
A principle of diagnostic procedure in which radioactive materials are introduced into the human body to enhance imaging of the patient with a gamma camera. NM does make use of radiation; however, is not an x-ray procedure.
what is a Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?
A noninvasive nuclear imaging technique that involves the administration of a radiopharmaceutical and subsequent imaging of the distribution and kinetics of the radioactive material. It is used predominantly to measure human cellular, organ, or system function (metabolic). Other modalities measure structure, size and position of organs or other structures.
what is a Bone Densitometry ?
Art and science of measuring the bone mineral content and density of specific anatomic sites or the whole body. The bone measurement values are used to assess bone strength, diagnose diseases associated with low bone density (especially osteoporosis), monitor the effects of therapy for such diseases, and predict risks of future fractures.
what PACS stand form and what is the definition of it ?
Picture Archive and Communication Systems: System of computers linked together via a network to store and transmit digital images throughout the network; can be within a hospital but may also include remote sites.
what is Computed Radiography–Digital Radiography (CR/DR)?
Conventional Radiographic projection radiography in which the latent image (unseen image) is produced in digital format using computer technology. The image is acquired in a phosphor material plate inside a closed cassette. It is then inserted into an image reader device where it is scanned by a laser beam and the final image appears on a computer monitor.
Anatomic Position is ? (( was on quiz ))
The person is standing erect with palms facing forward.
what is a Projection? ((was on the quiz))
The path of radiation as it passes through the patient to the IR. When the CR enters the front (anterior) surface of the body and exits the back (posterior), an anteroposterioor (AP) projection is obtained.
what is a Posteroanterior (PA) Projection?
Designates the beam entering the posterior (back) surface of the body and exiting the anterior (front) surface of the body.
what is a Positioning Aids? (( was on the quiz ))
Sponges, sandbags, tapes, restraint are used to control voluntary and involuntary motion. These tools must be radiolucent otherwise will cast a shadow on the radiograph.
what is a Radiolucent? (( was on the quiz ))
Items that will not cast a shadow on the radiograph. These items are easily penetrated by x-ray. Example: Positioning sponges
what is a Radiopaque? (( was on the quiz))
Metallic or non-metallic items which will cast a shadow on the radiograph. These items are not easily penetrated by x-ray. Example: jewelry, barium, positioning sandbags, prosthesis etc.
what is a Bedside/Portable? (( was on the quiz ))
Mobile units used to radiograph patients who are unable to be brought to the radiology department.
what is an X-ray Films?
Screen film mainly sensitive to blue light emitted by intensifying screens. Also sensitive to x-rays.
what is a Cassette?
Half inch thick metal framed film holder with a pair of intensifying screens mounted on the inside of the front and back hinged panels. Used with screen film type.
What is an intensifying screen?
The most dynamic period of growth occurred in the …..(( was on the quiz)
1960s
What was the hospital radiology department structure and function before the 1960s?
Before the 1960s, hospital radiology departments were very simple in structure and function.
What brought about this change?
when computer application in radiology was introduced to the community. Since then, imaging capabilities has spread to include nuclear medicine, ultrasound, CT, MRI, vascular/interventional technology etc.
What is the difference between the references“radiology department” and “diagnostic imaging department”?
These new applications gave rise to a change in the reference "radiology department" to "Diagnostic imaging department".
Other change(s)?
Another change to consider is the placement of radiology equipment and services in different areas of the hospital. Such equipment may be found today in an endoscopy suite, interventional vascular suite, surgery, ER, the outpatient pre-admission testing department etc.
What is the one consistency which remained between the old and the new system?
There is one consistency, however, found between the old and the new department. High volume areas within a radiology department remain General In-patient and General Out-patient.
Explain the major differences between the old and the modern radiology departments.
The modern radiology is more complex, it has more components.Because of the constant emergence of new technology, staffing and management role continues to experiment with new titles, new responsibilities and additional training accordingly.
Who is the head of the radiology department and what are his/her functions?
The administrator responsible for planning, hiring, policy
procedures, evaluation
Has all the responsibilities, the
ultimate power.
Who does the head of radiology report to?
executive director
Name the two challenges brought to the radiology department as part of health care reform? (( was on the quiz))
Cost containment
Competition
How is cost contained in the radiology department?
Radiology is forced to position itself as a revenue-making department with an eye on set benchmark which must be met per month or quarter done through active financial analysis. This challenges radiology managers to maintain tighter control over staffing and allocation of supplies, and other resources.
what is General outpatient care
a patient who receives medical treatment without being admitted to a hospital. (no need to stay in hospital)
when was the The medical society known today as the American Medical Association (AMA) formed?
ama was formed in 1847
when did they seperate the mentally ill from those with infectious and chronic diseases?
In the mid to late 1800s, public awareness brought the need to separate the mentally ill from those with infectious and chronic diseases.
when was the medical specialities was accepted?
In the late 1800s to early 1900s, medical specialties were experimented with and soon became widely accepted.
what is fee-for-service? (( was on the quiz))
The traditional form of payment in which the patient or insurer pays for each doctor visit or service provided.
what is a Deductible (( was on the quiz))
The amount a patient must pay out of pocket before coverage kicks in.
what is the definition of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)?
(Previously known as Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA): Part of the US Department of Health and Human Services. CMS is the contracting agency for HMOs who seek direct contractor-provider status for provisions of the Medicare benefit package.
what is an Alternative Delivery System (ADS)?
A method of providing health-care benefits that departs from traditional indemnity methods.
it went from radiology department to...
Diagnostic Imaging Department".
How do radiology departments compete with each other? (( was on the quiz))
Radiology must compete with other departments from other hospitals
and private centers by:
Better quality inages
(consistent)
Faster services to the patients
employee satisfaction
Cross training
Broader range of services to the patients
When did institutionalization first appear in the US? (( was on the quiz))
In the US, institutionalization began in the mid 19th century when
large hospitals were built such as:
Bellevue - in NY, Cook County
- in Chicago, and Massachusetts General - in Boston.
what is a doctor apprentice? (( was on the quiz))
Medical schools trained physicians in an apprenticeship (non-academic) environment. the apprentice used to have to follow the doctor around for years to learn how to be one and diagnose.
where is health care provided ?
Today, health care is delivered through hospitals, private practice, health care clinics, centers etc.
what are the three levels of healthcare? (( was on the quiz))
Primary, second, tertiary
what is managed care?
A health care system whose goals are to provide cost effective quality care.
what is HMO stand for and it definition?
health maintenance organization, An organization that finances organizes and provides health care using the principles of managed care.
what is Primary Care Physician (PCP)? (( was on the quiz))
General practitioner or doctor of internal medicine who provides treatment of routine injuries and illnesses and focuses on preventive care. This person also serves as "gatekeeper" for managed care.
what is Capitation? (( was on the quiz))
A per-member, per-month fixed payment to a health-care provider or health plan for each member enrolled, regardless of the amount of care a member requires.
what is Copayment (( was on the quiz ))
philosophy.....
Hospitals' philosophy is that wellness is a right, not just a privilege. Wellness is related to all aspects of a patient's life. Thus, health care delivery should take a holistic approach in caring for the physical, emotional, social and economic needs of the public.
what is a Regulating Agencies & Hospital Committees external?
Joint commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
(JCAHO)
State Health Departments
Nuclear Regulatory
commission
Occupational Health and Safety Administratio
what are the internal part of radiology ?
Safety Committee
Infection control Committee
Radiation
Safety Committee
Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee
what is total Quality Management ? (( was on the quiz))
(TQM)Management of quality in the workplace from the perspective of total involvement of every employees
the primary concern of the radiology department is ?
providing patients quality patient care
the concept of management of quality in the workplace from the perspective of total involvement of every employee defines ?
TQM
verifying the competence of the radiography technical staff is the responsible of the ?
radiology administrator
what is a quality assurance and quality control?
Management of quality through the allocation of dedicated personnel in various departments within the organization
Who were the radiology pioneers, and what discoveries did they make?
1: Archimedes = screw
2: Democritus = atom
3: Thales = electricity
4: Evangelista torricelli, Robert boyle, Herman sprengel = air pump
5: william gilbert = magnetism
6: Issac newton = static generator
7:charles du fay = two different kind of electricity
8: Abbe jean antoine = electroscope
9: William watson = leyden jar
10: william morgan = the different in color of partially evacuated tube
11:Micheal faraday = induced of electricity currents
12: Heinrich daniel ruhmkorff = induced of coil
13: Johann wilhelm hittorf, william crooked, philipp lenard = cathode ray
14:Heinrich schulzer = first photographic copy
15: Richard leach maddox = gelatin silver dry glass plate negative
16: george eastman = kodak camera
the chemi compound that was present in the lab during the discovery of x-ray is known as...
Barium platinocyanide
What year did Roentgen submit the new report, what was its title, and who was it sent to?
On December 28, 1895, Roentgen submitted a report titled, “On a New Kind of Rays” to the Wurzburg Physico-Medical Society.
the energy conversion that occurs inside the x-ray tube results in what two forms of energy?
heat and x-ray
the harmful of x-ray was first noted by?
early radiation workers