final exam review Flashcards

11/8/1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-ray accidentally while working in his lab. It was then called x-ray or Roentgen ray.

False. X-ray was discovered before Roentgen by other scientist, however, all failed to grasp its significance.

First report was titled: “A New Kind of Ray”.

First x-ray tube was called a Crooke’s tube.

Roentgen received First Nobel Prize in Physics.

First picture or radiograph was of his wife’s hand.

The branch of health sciences dealing with radioactive substances and radiant energy and with the diagnosis and treatment of disease by means of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

Energy transmitted by waves through space or matter. It can also be said to be a form of energy that can be transmitted through matter.

The capacity to do work. Higher forms of energy (radiation) can ionize atoms in nature.

Process by which a neutral atom gains or looses electrons. This process has the ability to disrupt the composition of matter, thus disrupting the life process. Therefore, exposure to radiation is limited.

Man-made form of electromagnetic energy. X-rays are created when electrons moving at high speed are suddenly stopped.

The physician who specializes in the use of roentgen rays and other forms of energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Radiography Diagnostic x-ray procedure of the human anatomy recorded on an x-ray film. The recorded image on film is called a radiograph.

The individual who performs radiography or medical imaging of the internal

Dynamic x-ray procedure of the human anatomy which can be displayed on a TV monitor or recorded on a video or magnetic tape or stored in a computer or made into a hard copy on an x-ray film.

Diagnostic procedure which utilizes more sophisticated x-ray equipment and computers to generate and record sectional images of the body

Diagnostic examination of the mammary glands (breasts) with the use of a dedicated x-ray equipment.

Specialized diagnostic examination of the cardiovascular system with the use of specialized x-ray equipment.

Diagnostic imaging of the human body with use of a strong magnetic field and radio waves along with a computer to generate sectional images. MRI is not an x-ray procedure.

Diagnostic imaging used to visualize structures of the body with the use of high frequency sound waves. Sonography does not utilize ionizing radiation and therefore is not an x-ray procedure.

A principle of diagnostic procedure in which radioactive materials are introduced into the human body to enhance imaging of the patient with a gamma camera. NM does make use of radiation; however, is not an x-ray procedure.

A noninvasive nuclear imaging technique that involves the administration of a radiopharmaceutical and subsequent imaging of the distribution and kinetics of the radioactive material. It is used predominantly to measure human cellular, organ, or system function (metabolic). Other modalities measure structure, size and position of organs or other structures.

Art and science of measuring the bone mineral content and density of specific anatomic sites or the whole body. The bone measurement values are used to assess bone strength, diagnose diseases associated with low bone density (especially osteoporosis), monitor the effects of therapy for such diseases, and predict risks of future fractures.

Picture Archive and Communication Systems: System of computers linked together via a network to store and transmit digital images throughout the network; can be within a hospital but may also include remote sites.

Conventional Radiographic projection radiography in which the latent image (unseen image) is produced in digital format using computer technology. The image is acquired in a phosphor material plate inside a closed cassette. It is then inserted into an image reader device where it is scanned by a laser beam and the final image appears on a computer monitor.

The person is standing erect with palms facing forward.

The path of radiation as it passes through the patient to the IR. When the CR enters the front (anterior) surface of the body and exits the back (posterior), an anteroposterioor (AP) projection is obtained.

Designates the beam entering the posterior (back) surface of the body and exiting the anterior (front) surface of the body.

Sponges, sandbags, tapes, restraint are used to control voluntary and involuntary motion. These tools must be radiolucent otherwise will cast a shadow on the radiograph.

Items that will not cast a shadow on the radiograph. These items are easily penetrated by x-ray. Example: Positioning sponges

Metallic or non-metallic items which will cast a shadow on the radiograph. These items are not easily penetrated by x-ray. Example: jewelry, barium, positioning sandbags, prosthesis etc.

Mobile units used to radiograph patients who are unable to be brought to the radiology department.

Screen film mainly sensitive to blue light emitted by intensifying screens. Also sensitive to x-rays.

Half inch thick metal framed film holder with a pair of intensifying screens mounted on the inside of the front and back hinged panels. Used with screen film type.

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1960s

Before the 1960s, hospital radiology departments were very simple in structure and function.

when computer application in radiology was introduced to the community. Since then, imaging capabilities has spread to include nuclear medicine, ultrasound, CT, MRI, vascular/interventional technology etc.

These new applications gave rise to a change in the reference "radiology department" to "Diagnostic imaging department".

Another change to consider is the placement of radiology equipment and services in different areas of the hospital. Such equipment may be found today in an endoscopy suite, interventional vascular suite, surgery, ER, the outpatient pre-admission testing department etc.

There is one consistency, however, found between the old and the new department. High volume areas within a radiology department remain General In-patient and General Out-patient.

The modern radiology is more complex, it has more components.Because of the constant emergence of new technology, staffing and management role continues to experiment with new titles, new responsibilities and additional training accordingly.

The administrator responsible for planning, hiring, policy procedures, evaluation
Has all the responsibilities, the ultimate power.

executive director

Cost containment

Competition

Radiology is forced to position itself as a revenue-making department with an eye on set benchmark which must be met per month or quarter done through active financial analysis. This challenges radiology managers to maintain tighter control over staffing and allocation of supplies, and other resources.

a patient who receives medical treatment without being admitted to a hospital. (no need to stay in hospital)

ama was formed in 1847

In the mid to late 1800s, public awareness brought the need to separate the mentally ill from those with infectious and chronic diseases.

In the late 1800s to early 1900s, medical specialties were experimented with and soon became widely accepted.

The traditional form of payment in which the patient or insurer pays for each doctor visit or service provided.

The amount a patient must pay out of pocket before coverage kicks in.

(Previously known as Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA): Part of the US Department of Health and Human Services. CMS is the contracting agency for HMOs who seek direct contractor-provider status for provisions of the Medicare benefit package.

A method of providing health-care benefits that departs from traditional indemnity methods.

Diagnostic Imaging Department".

Radiology must compete with other departments from other hospitals and private centers by:

Better quality inages (consistent)

Faster services to the patients

employee satisfaction

Cross training

Broader range of services to the patients

In the US, institutionalization began in the mid 19th century when large hospitals were built such as:
Bellevue - in NY, Cook County - in Chicago, and Massachusetts General - in Boston.

Medical schools trained physicians in an apprenticeship (non-academic) environment. the apprentice used to have to follow the doctor around for years to learn how to be one and diagnose.

Today, health care is delivered through hospitals, private practice, health care clinics, centers etc.

Primary, second, tertiary

A health care system whose goals are to provide cost effective quality care.

health maintenance organization, An organization that finances organizes and provides health care using the principles of managed care.

General practitioner or doctor of internal medicine who provides treatment of routine injuries and illnesses and focuses on preventive care. This person also serves as "gatekeeper" for managed care.

A per-member, per-month fixed payment to a health-care provider or health plan for each member enrolled, regardless of the amount of care a member requires.

• a small fixed fee paid by the patient at the time of an office visit (generally $5.00 to $15.00)

Hospitals' philosophy is that wellness is a right, not just a privilege. Wellness is related to all aspects of a patient's life. Thus, health care delivery should take a holistic approach in caring for the physical, emotional, social and economic needs of the public.

Joint commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
State Health Departments
Nuclear Regulatory commission
Occupational Health and Safety Administratio

Safety Committee
Infection control Committee
Radiation Safety Committee
Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee

(TQM)Management of quality in the workplace from the perspective of total involvement of every employees

providing patients quality patient care

TQM

radiology administrator

Management of quality through the allocation of dedicated personnel in various departments within the organization

1: Archimedes = screw

2: Democritus = atom

3: Thales = electricity

4: Evangelista torricelli, Robert boyle, Herman sprengel = air pump

5: william gilbert = magnetism

6: Issac newton = static generator

7:charles du fay = two different kind of electricity

8: Abbe jean antoine = electroscope

9: William watson = leyden jar

10: william morgan = the different in color of partially evacuated tube

11:Micheal faraday = induced of electricity currents

12: Heinrich daniel ruhmkorff = induced of coil

13: Johann wilhelm hittorf, william crooked, philipp lenard = cathode ray

14:Heinrich schulzer = first photographic copy

15: Richard leach maddox = gelatin silver dry glass plate negative

16: george eastman = kodak camera

Barium platinocyanide

On December 28, 1895, Roentgen submitted a report titled, “On a New Kind of Rays” to the Wurzburg Physico-Medical Society.

heat and x-ray

early radiation workers