Print BY123L ENC Bacteria flashcards

BY123L ENC Bacteria

Methanogens

Obligate anaerobes that can reduce CO2 to Methane (swamp gas). Belong to domain Archaea

Halophiles

Color is due to bacteriorhodopsin

Halophiles

does not have chlorophyll, so this is not photosynthesis (uses carotenoids)

Halophiles

Have simplest form of photophosphorylation

Heterocysts

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. specialized because they have a modified cellular structure that allows them to protect the nitrogen-fixing enzymes from oxygen. The nitrogenase enzyme responsible for converting nitrogen gas into ammonia is highly sensitive to oxygen, and in normal photosynthetic cells of cyanobacteria, there is a high oxygen concentration due to photosynthesis. Even though the oxygen-sensitive Nitrogenase is segregated from the Oxygen-producing photosynthesis, it basically creates a micro-environment where Nitrogen fixation can occur without being inhibited by Oxygen.

Thermoacidophiles

Lives in areas with very high temperature and very high acidity (low pH) and can be found in deep sea vents.

Thermoacidophiles

Picrophilus optimally grows at pH 0.7 and can tolerate 0.0; higher pH levels (4.0) disintegrate this species

Domain Bacteria

(domain) some have pilli (projections attached to outer layer of cell); pilli can be used for attachment of bacterium to substrate or during conjugation

Domain Bacteria

(domain) some have a capsule (protective layer outside the cell wall); can protect against dehydration or host's immune system

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Domain Bacteria

(domain) Most have cell walls comprised of peptidoglycan (aka murein)

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Domain Bacteria

(domain) 1 double-strained ring of DNA within a nucleoid region but can also have extra-chromosomal DNA in plasmids

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Domain Bacteria

(domain) have flagella comprised of flagellin (no microtubules or tubulin as seen in eukaryotic flagella)

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Domain Bacteria

(domain) can have chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals; positive = towards, negative = away from) and phototaxis (movement in response to light)

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Domain Bacteria

(domain) no mitosis, no meiosis; divide by binary fission (cell doubles everything, then splits in half)

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Conjugation

transfer of DNA (plasmid) between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined

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Transformation

process of taking in DNA from the external environment

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Transduction

transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses (bacteriophages)

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Saprobes

Bacteria feed on dead stuff

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Endospores

Cells able to withstand harsh environments. Produced by certain bacterial species as a survival strategy in response to unfavourable or stressful conditions. Resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, making them capable of enduring long periods of time without nutrients or in extreme environments. Ability to persist in a dormant state allows certain bacteria to hibernate until conditions become favourable for growth again.

Mother-cell lysis: Once cell is fully developed, the original bacterial cell (known as the mother cell) releases the endospore into the environment. So, the endospore remains dormant and highly resistant to environmental stressors.

Germination: When conditions improve and become favourable again, the endospore germinates and reverts to its vegetative bacterial form. Protective layers are broken down and cellular machinery is reactivated. Once germinated, the bacteria resumes back to its normal reproductive activities.

Bacillus: Most well-known type of Endospore

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Energy source and Carbon Source of Photoautotroph

Energy- Light. Carbon- CO2

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Energy source and Carbon Source of Chemoautotroph

Energy- oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as Fe +2; NH3, H2S. Carbon- CO2

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Energy source and Carbon Source of photoheterotroph

Energy- Light. Carbon- Organic compounds

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Energy source and Carbon Source of Chemoheterotroph

Both organic compounds

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Obligate aerobe

Require Oxygen (most bacteria are this)

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Facultative anaerobe

can grow with or without oxygen; usually grows faster with it

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Obligate anaerobe

poisoned by oxygen; must have anoxic environment

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Kingdoms of Domain Bacteria

Proteobacteria, Chlamydia, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram Positive Bacteria

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Subgroups of Kingdom Proteobacteria

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon

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Subgroup Alpha Proteobacteria

(subgroup) many species are symbiotic with eukaryotic hosts (e.g. Rhizobium lives within root nodules of legume plants where they fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms the plant can use)

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Subgroup Beta Proteobacteria

(subgroup) nutritionally diverse group, some are important nitrogen recyclers. Neiserria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea) goes here

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Subgroup Gamma Proteobacteria

(subgroup) includes "sulfur" bacteria which oxidizes H2S, producing sulfur as a by-product; Legionella (causative agent of Legionnaire's disease). Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella belong here

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Subgroup Delta Proteobacteria

(subgroup) includes slime-producing Myxobacteria & Bdellvibrios which attack other bacteria

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Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

(subgroup) Most members are pathogenic to humans or other animals.

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Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

(subgroup) Camphylobacter, a causative agent of blood poisoning & intestinal inflammation goes here

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Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

(subgroup) Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent for stomach ulcers, goes here

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Kingdom Chlamydia

(kingdom) survives only in animal cells; depends on host cell for resources such as ATP

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Kingdom Chlamydia

(kingdom) has odd cell wall which stains gram negative; cell wall has no peptidoglycan

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Kingdom Chlamydia

(kingdom) Chlamydia trachmatis, the most common cause of blindness in the world & also causes non-gonococcal urethritis (the most common, sexuallytransmitted disease) belongs here

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Kingdom Spirochetes

(kingdom) Treponema pallidum, the causative agent for syphilis, belongs here

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Kingdom Spirochetes

(kingdom) Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent for Lyme disease, goes here

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Kingdom Spirochetes

(kingdom) uses flagella to spiral themselves through their environment

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Kingdom Cyanobacteria

(kingdom) photosynthetic, uses photosystem I and II, has chlorophyll is not in chloroplasts, but rather found in the thylakoid membranes

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Heterocysts

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

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