BY123L ENC Bacteria Flashcards

Obligate anaerobes that can reduce CO2 to Methane (swamp gas). Belong to domain Archaea

Color is due to bacteriorhodopsin

does not have chlorophyll, so this is not photosynthesis (uses carotenoids)

Have simplest form of photophosphorylation

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. specialized because they have a modified cellular structure that allows them to protect the nitrogen-fixing enzymes from oxygen. The nitrogenase enzyme responsible for converting nitrogen gas into ammonia is highly sensitive to oxygen, and in normal photosynthetic cells of cyanobacteria, there is a high oxygen concentration due to photosynthesis. Even though the oxygen-sensitive Nitrogenase is segregated from the Oxygen-producing photosynthesis, it basically creates a micro-environment where Nitrogen fixation can occur without being inhibited by Oxygen.

Lives in areas with very high temperature and very high acidity (low pH) and can be found in deep sea vents.

Picrophilus optimally grows at pH 0.7 and can tolerate 0.0; higher pH levels (4.0) disintegrate this species

(domain) some have pilli (projections attached to outer layer of cell); pilli can be used for attachment of bacterium to substrate or during conjugation

(domain) some have a capsule (protective layer outside the cell wall); can protect against dehydration or host's immune system

(domain) Most have cell walls comprised of peptidoglycan (aka murein)

(domain) 1 double-strained ring of DNA within a nucleoid region but can also have extra-chromosomal DNA in plasmids

(domain) have flagella comprised of flagellin (no microtubules or tubulin as seen in eukaryotic flagella)

(domain) can have chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals; positive = towards, negative = away from) and phototaxis (movement in response to light)

(domain) no mitosis, no meiosis; divide by binary fission (cell doubles everything, then splits in half)

transfer of DNA (plasmid) between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined

process of taking in DNA from the external environment

transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses (bacteriophages)

Bacteria feed on dead stuff

Cells able to withstand harsh environments. Produced by certain bacterial species as a survival strategy in response to unfavourable or stressful conditions. Resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, making them capable of enduring long periods of time without nutrients or in extreme environments. Ability to persist in a dormant state allows certain bacteria to hibernate until conditions become favourable for growth again.

Mother-cell lysis: Once cell is fully developed, the original bacterial cell (known as the mother cell) releases the endospore into the environment. So, the endospore remains dormant and highly resistant to environmental stressors.

Germination: When conditions improve and become favourable again, the endospore germinates and reverts to its vegetative bacterial form. Protective layers are broken down and cellular machinery is reactivated. Once germinated, the bacteria resumes back to its normal reproductive activities.

Bacillus: Most well-known type of Endospore

Energy- Light. Carbon- CO2

Energy- oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as Fe +2; NH3, H2S. Carbon- CO2

Energy- Light. Carbon- Organic compounds

Both organic compounds

Require Oxygen (most bacteria are this)

can grow with or without oxygen; usually grows faster with it

poisoned by oxygen; must have anoxic environment

Proteobacteria, Chlamydia, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram Positive Bacteria

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon

(subgroup) many species are symbiotic with eukaryotic hosts (e.g. Rhizobium lives within root nodules of legume plants where they fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms the plant can use)

(subgroup) nutritionally diverse group, some are important nitrogen recyclers. Neiserria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea) goes here

(subgroup) includes "sulfur" bacteria which oxidizes H2S, producing sulfur as a by-product; Legionella (causative agent of Legionnaire's disease). Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella belong here

(subgroup) includes slime-producing Myxobacteria & Bdellvibrios which attack other bacteria

(subgroup) Most members are pathogenic to humans or other animals.

(subgroup) Camphylobacter, a causative agent of blood poisoning & intestinal inflammation goes here

(subgroup) Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent for stomach ulcers, goes here

(kingdom) survives only in animal cells; depends on host cell for resources such as ATP

(kingdom) has odd cell wall which stains gram negative; cell wall has no peptidoglycan

(kingdom) Chlamydia trachmatis, the most common cause of blindness in the world & also causes non-gonococcal urethritis (the most common, sexuallytransmitted disease) belongs here

(kingdom) Treponema pallidum, the causative agent for syphilis, belongs here

(kingdom) Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent for Lyme disease, goes here

(kingdom) uses flagella to spiral themselves through their environment

(kingdom) photosynthetic, uses photosystem I and II, has chlorophyll is not in chloroplasts, but rather found in the thylakoid membranes

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

(kingdom) the subgroup actinomycetes belongs here. Two species of actinomycetes cause tuberculosis & leprosy, respectively. Actinomycetes are also responsible for the "earthy" odor of rich soil

(kingdom) Streptomyces, have been the sources for several antibiotics

(kingdom) Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, belongs here

(kingdom) Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent for botulism, goes here

(kingdom) Streptococcus and Staphylococcus sp. belong here

(kingdom) includes Mycoplasmas, the only bacteria known to lack a cell wall; they are also the tiniest known cells. one species of Mycoplasma causes walking pneumonia

Eukaryotic, can be free-living, parasitic, or symbiotic
All: Require source of moisture/moist environment
Most:
-Unicellular
-Aerobic Respiration
Some:
-Exist as colonies
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-Autotrophic
-Mixotrophic (both)

Some members have an "excavated" groove on one side of the cell body

Kingdom Diplomonadida
Kingdom Parabasala
Kingdom Euglenozoa

(kingdom) organisms lack plastids (group of membrane-bound organelles including leucoplasts, chloroplasts, & chromoplasts)

(kingdom) have reduced mitochondria, mitosomes, which lack functional electron transport chains, hence cannot use oxygen to help extract energy from carbohydrates or other organic molecules

(kingdom) use anaerobic pathways to get energy

(kingdom) many are parasitic (e.g. Giardia)

(kingdom) has two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella

(kingdom) includes Giardia Lamblia

causative agent of "beaver fever"; acquired through fecal-contaminated water; infects human intestine, causing severe diarrhea and cramps

Domain Eukarya
Supergroup Excavata
Kingdom Diplomonadida

(kingdom) have reduced mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, which generate some energy, anaerobically, by the release of hydrogen gas as a by-product

(kingdom) includes the infamous organism, Trichomonas vaginalis

A usual inhabitant of the human vagina

overpopulation of this organism causes infection which can be passed to the sexual partner

In females, if the vagina's normal acidity is disturbed, T. vaginalis can outcompete beneficial microorganisms there and infect the vagina

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Parabasala

(kingdom) have flagella containing either a spiral or crystalline rod-like structure inside each of their flagella

(kingdom) includes predatory heterotroph, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs and parasites

Phylum Kinetoplastida is under what Kingdom?

(phylum) have a single, large mitochondrion, which contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

(phylum) includes Trypanosoma bruceii, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, carried by the tsetse fly

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Kinetoplastida

other species can cause Chagas' disease, transmitted by blood sucking insects, can lead to congestive heart failure

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Kinetoplastida

(phylum) can have 1 or 2 flagella

(phylum) some can be mixotrophs (both heterotrophic and autotrophic); they perform photosynthesis when light is available, but can go heterotrophic if light is unavailable and absorb organic molecules from their environment; some can also engulf prey via phagocytosis

Phylum Euglenophyta Chlorophylls

Does Phylum Euglenophyta have a cell wall?

(phylum) has pellicle to maintain shape

(phylum) divides by mitosis, but not typical; nucleolus and nuclear membrane do not disappear

(phylum) has stigma (light sensitive organelle)

(phylum) stores carbohydrate as paramylon

where paramylon is made. Found in Phylum Euglenophyta

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Euglenophyta

Kingdom Stramenopila

Kingdom Alveolata

-Bacillariophyta

-Chrysophyta

-Phaeophyta

-Oomycota

(kingdom) contains both autotrophs and heterotrophs

(kingdom) Name comes from file hair-like projections found on their flagella; most members have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth", shorter one

Phylum Bacillariophyta is also known as?

Phylum Bacillariophyta: Multicellular or unicellular?

has unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica; wall made of two parts like bottom and top to a shoebox

(phylum) accumulation of these in sediments are called diatomaceous earth deposits; used in many things such as toothpaste, water filters, & insulating materials

(phylum) very abundant in oceans and lakes

(phylum) are so abundant that their photosynthetic activity affects global carbon dioxide levels; scientists want to use diatom blooms to reduce carbon dioxide levels (carbon dioxide is kept with diatoms as they fall to ocean floor)

Phylum Bacillariophyta Chlorophylls

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Stramenopila

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Golden algae

(phylum) Common name comes from the yellow & brown carotenoids

(phylum) some species can be mixotrophic (both autotrophic and heterotrophic); heterotrophically ingesting organic molecules and living cells by phagocytosis

(phylum) some species can form environmentally resistant cysts if conditions get bad; these cysts can survive for decades

Phylum Chrysophyta chlorophylls

(phylum) stores carbohydrate in the form of laminarin

Brown Algae

Phylum Phaeophyta: Multicellular or Unicellular?

(phylum) Common along cold water currents

(phylum) used in soups

(phylum) cell walls contain algin which can be used to thicken foods like puddings, ice cream, and salad dressings

(phylum) stores carbohydrate in the form of laminarin

(phylum) cell wall of cellulose

(phylum) includes kelps (some can be as long as 60m in length)

Phylum Oomycota is commonly called?

Is Phylum Oomycota autotrophic or heterotrophic?

(phylum) some unicellular; others branched with hyphae (fungus-like)

(phylum) cell wall comprised of cellulose (plant-like); fungal cell walls are comprised of chitin

(phylum) diploid dominant unlike fungi (which are haploid dominant)

(phylum) flagellated unlike fungi

(phylum) reproduction includes a large egg (hence the phylum name)

(phylum) important in decomposition of dead stuff in water

(phylum) Ick belongs to this phylum; it is a parasitic water mold

(phylum) includes other water molds that do not live in water, such as downy mildews and white rusts (these are both plant parasites); one of these, Phytophthora infestans caused the potato famine in 1800's Ireland

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Stramenopila

Phylum Oomycota

(kingdom) members have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under their plasma membranes

(kingdom) found in a wide variety of habitats

-Dinoflagellata

-Apicomplexa

-Ciliophora

(phylum) many members have cells with reinforced plates of cellulose

(phylum) have two flagella located in grooves along their plates

(phylum) marine and freshwater members

(phylum) can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic

Photosynthetic forms of Phylum Dinoflagellata have which chlorophylls?

(phylum) overabundance causes "red tides"; coloration of water comes from their pink to brownish-red carotinoids

(phylum) cell wall of cellulose

(phylum) some possess trichocysts (mini harpoons)

(phylum) nucleolus and nucleus do not disappear during mitosis

(phylum) some form symbiotic relationships with coral, called zooxanthellae

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) nearly all are parasites of animals

(phylum) phylum takes its name from the apical complex of which it uses to penetrate the host's red blood cells

(phylum) all members are endoparasites

Parasites that live within the body of their host instead of on the surface

(phylum) have very complex life cycles, often with several hosts, with both asexual and sexual stages

(phylum) includes Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria (transmitted via the bite of the female Anopholes mosquito)

(phylum) no organelle for movement

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Apicomplexa

(phylum) very large and diverse group which use cilia for locomotion

(phylum) most are predators of bacteria or smaller protists

(phylum) cilia may cover the entire surface or be clustered in rows or tufts in this phylum

(phylum) unique in having two types of nuclei (macro & micro)

-macro governs activities of the cell

-micro is used during reproduction

(phylum) reproduce by binary fission during which partners exchange a micro nucleus

(phylum) some can contain a toxin

(phylum) have an oral groove, which leads to the "place of ingestion"

(phylum) have food and contractile vacuoles

(phylum) has anal pore for waste discharge

(phylum) have holozoic nutrition (whole prey is ingested)

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

-Radiolaria

-Foraminifera

(phylum) movement is via axopodia (their pseudopodia); these structures help them float and feed

(phylum) has silica in its internal skeleton comprised of silica (gives them a glass-like appearance)

(phylum) Lives in marine waters

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Rhizaria

Kingdom Cercozoa

Phylum Radiolaria

(If it looks really beautiful it's probably this)

(phylum) name means to bear pores

(phylum) shells are called "tests" which are single pieces of organic material, hardened with calcium carbonate

(phylum) marine & fresh water

most live in sand or can attach themselves to rocks or algae

(phylum) many derive nutrients from symbiotic algae

(phylum) formed White Cliffs of Dover; limestone; flint

Cercozoa

(kingdom) thread like pseudopodia

(kingdom) marine and fresh water, soil

(kingdom) Most are heterotrophic

(kingdom) Many are plant, animal, or protist parasites

-Rhodophyta

-Chlorophyta

Kingdom Rhodophyta common name?

(kingdom) red coloration is from phycoerythrin, which masks the green of the chlorophyll

(kingdom) colors can range from greenish-red in shallow water to bright red in medium depths to nearly black at deep depths

Kingdom Rhodophyta chlorophylls

(kingdom) stores carbohydrate as Floridian starch

(kingdom) unlike other algal species, this Kingdom does not have flagellated gametes; water currents must move them.

(kingdom) some can be heterotrophic and parasitize other red algae

(kingdom) some contain calcium carbonate walls and are found on reefs (coralline algae)

(kingdom) Nonmotile male gametes called spermatia - Most are marine algae

(kingdom) agar (for bacterial plates) comes from here; carrageenan (thickener for items such as ice cream). Also used in sushi wrapping

Kingdom Chlorophyta common name?

(kingdom) chloroplasts are very similar to those of land plants

(kingdom) some systematists advocate the move of this group to an expanded plant kingdom, Viridiplantae

(kingdom) mostly fresh water, but some are marine or even terrestrial

Carbohydrate storage form in Chlorophyta is

Cell walls in Chlorophyta are made up of

What Chlorophylls are present in Chlorophyta?

(kingdom) most have complex life cycles with both asexual and sexual stages

(kingdom) larger size and greater complexity evolved in the chlorophytes by three different mechanisms

(kingdom) Formation of colonies of individual cells, as seen in Volvox, and filamentous forms that make stringy masses known as pond scum

(kingdom) Production of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation, as in Ulva

(kingdom) Repeated karyokinesis without cytokinesis, as seen with Caulerpa

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Kingdom Amoebozoa

-Myxogastria

-Dictyostelida

-Gymnamoeba

-Entamoeba

plasmodial slime molds

(phylum) once thought to be fungi, but relationship to them is via convergent evolution

did not arise from common ancestor, but rather have similar characteristics dictated by a similar niche in the environment

(phylum) they progress from a large, coenocytic (many nuclei per cell) mass called a plasmodium; a multinucleated mass with continuous cytoplasm, unbound by membranes or walls

Is Phylum Myxogastrida haploid or diploid?

(phylum) usually brightly, colored yellow or orange

(phylum) can be found growing through leaf mulch, rotten logs, & moist soil

Phylum Dictyostelida is commonly known as?

(phylum) unique group of social amoebae that exhibit a fascinating life cycle, which involves both unicellular and multicellular stages.

(phylum) move using temporary extensions of their cell membrane called pseudopodia

(phylum) feeding stage consists of solitary cells (unlike the plasmodial slime mold)

(phylum) When food is abundant, they exist as individual, free-living amoeboid cells.

(phylum) When food becomes scarce, the individual cells aggregate together to form multicellular structures known as "slugs."

(phylum) During the aggregation phase, thousands of individual cells come together and move as a collective mass. This process is crucial for the survival of the population as a whole.

Phylum Gymnamoeba is also known as

(phylum) comprises a large and diverse group of amoebozoans

(phylum) ubiquitous in soil, fresh & marine waters

(phylum) most are heterotrophic, actively seeking to consume bacteria and other protists though some feed on detritus (non-living organic matter)

(phylum) includes an all-parasitic genus, Entamoeba; infects all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates

(phylum) includes E. histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery; spread via contaminated drinking water; 3rd leading cause of death from parasites after malaria & schistosomiasis

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Unikonta

Kingdom Amoebazoa

Phylum Gymnamoeba