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BY123L ENC Bacteria

front 1

Methanogens

back 1

Obligate anaerobes that can reduce CO2 to Methane (swamp gas). Belong to domain Archaea

front 2

Halophiles

back 2

Color is due to bacteriorhodopsin

front 3

Halophiles

back 3

does not have chlorophyll, so this is not photosynthesis (uses carotenoids)

front 4

Halophiles

back 4

Have simplest form of photophosphorylation

front 5

Heterocysts

back 5

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. specialized because they have a modified cellular structure that allows them to protect the nitrogen-fixing enzymes from oxygen. The nitrogenase enzyme responsible for converting nitrogen gas into ammonia is highly sensitive to oxygen, and in normal photosynthetic cells of cyanobacteria, there is a high oxygen concentration due to photosynthesis. Even though the oxygen-sensitive Nitrogenase is segregated from the Oxygen-producing photosynthesis, it basically creates a micro-environment where Nitrogen fixation can occur without being inhibited by Oxygen.

front 6

Thermoacidophiles

back 6

Lives in areas with very high temperature and very high acidity (low pH) and can be found in deep sea vents.

front 7

Thermoacidophiles

back 7

Picrophilus optimally grows at pH 0.7 and can tolerate 0.0; higher pH levels (4.0) disintegrate this species

front 8

Domain Bacteria

back 8

(domain) some have pilli (projections attached to outer layer of cell); pilli can be used for attachment of bacterium to substrate or during conjugation

front 9

Domain Bacteria

back 9

(domain) some have a capsule (protective layer outside the cell wall); can protect against dehydration or host's immune system

front 10

Domain Bacteria

back 10

(domain) Most have cell walls comprised of peptidoglycan (aka murein)

front 11

Domain Bacteria

back 11

(domain) 1 double-strained ring of DNA within a nucleoid region but can also have extra-chromosomal DNA in plasmids

front 12

Domain Bacteria

back 12

(domain) have flagella comprised of flagellin (no microtubules or tubulin as seen in eukaryotic flagella)

front 13

Domain Bacteria

back 13

(domain) can have chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals; positive = towards, negative = away from) and phototaxis (movement in response to light)

front 14

Domain Bacteria

back 14

(domain) no mitosis, no meiosis; divide by binary fission (cell doubles everything, then splits in half)

front 15

Conjugation

back 15

transfer of DNA (plasmid) between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined

front 16

Transformation

back 16

process of taking in DNA from the external environment

front 17

Transduction

back 17

transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses (bacteriophages)

front 18

Saprobes

back 18

Bacteria feed on dead stuff

front 19

Endospores

back 19

Cells able to withstand harsh environments. Produced by certain bacterial species as a survival strategy in response to unfavourable or stressful conditions. Resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, making them capable of enduring long periods of time without nutrients or in extreme environments. Ability to persist in a dormant state allows certain bacteria to hibernate until conditions become favourable for growth again.

Mother-cell lysis: Once cell is fully developed, the original bacterial cell (known as the mother cell) releases the endospore into the environment. So, the endospore remains dormant and highly resistant to environmental stressors.

Germination: When conditions improve and become favourable again, the endospore germinates and reverts to its vegetative bacterial form. Protective layers are broken down and cellular machinery is reactivated. Once germinated, the bacteria resumes back to its normal reproductive activities.

Bacillus: Most well-known type of Endospore

front 20

Energy source and Carbon Source of Photoautotroph

back 20

Energy- Light. Carbon- CO2

front 21

Energy source and Carbon Source of Chemoautotroph

back 21

Energy- oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as Fe +2; NH3, H2S. Carbon- CO2

front 22

Energy source and Carbon Source of photoheterotroph

back 22

Energy- Light. Carbon- Organic compounds

front 23

Energy source and Carbon Source of Chemoheterotroph

back 23

Both organic compounds

front 24

Obligate aerobe

back 24

Require Oxygen (most bacteria are this)

front 25

Facultative anaerobe

back 25

can grow with or without oxygen; usually grows faster with it

front 26

Obligate anaerobe

back 26

poisoned by oxygen; must have anoxic environment

front 27

Kingdoms of Domain Bacteria

back 27

Proteobacteria, Chlamydia, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram Positive Bacteria

front 28

Subgroups of Kingdom Proteobacteria

back 28

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon

front 29

Subgroup Alpha Proteobacteria

back 29

(subgroup) many species are symbiotic with eukaryotic hosts (e.g. Rhizobium lives within root nodules of legume plants where they fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms the plant can use)

front 30

Subgroup Beta Proteobacteria

back 30

(subgroup) nutritionally diverse group, some are important nitrogen recyclers. Neiserria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea) goes here

front 31

Subgroup Gamma Proteobacteria

back 31

(subgroup) includes "sulfur" bacteria which oxidizes H2S, producing sulfur as a by-product; Legionella (causative agent of Legionnaire's disease). Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella belong here

front 32

Subgroup Delta Proteobacteria

back 32

(subgroup) includes slime-producing Myxobacteria & Bdellvibrios which attack other bacteria

front 33

Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

back 33

(subgroup) Most members are pathogenic to humans or other animals.

front 34

Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

back 34

(subgroup) Camphylobacter, a causative agent of blood poisoning & intestinal inflammation goes here

front 35

Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

back 35

(subgroup) Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent for stomach ulcers, goes here

front 36

Kingdom Chlamydia

back 36

(kingdom) survives only in animal cells; depends on host cell for resources such as ATP

front 37

Kingdom Chlamydia

back 37

(kingdom) has odd cell wall which stains gram negative; cell wall has no peptidoglycan

front 38

Kingdom Chlamydia

back 38

(kingdom) Chlamydia trachmatis, the most common cause of blindness in the world & also causes non-gonococcal urethritis (the most common, sexuallytransmitted disease) belongs here

front 39

Kingdom Spirochetes

back 39

(kingdom) Treponema pallidum, the causative agent for syphilis, belongs here

front 40

Kingdom Spirochetes

back 40

(kingdom) Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent for Lyme disease, goes here

front 41

Kingdom Spirochetes

back 41

(kingdom) uses flagella to spiral themselves through their environment

front 42

Kingdom Cyanobacteria

back 42

(kingdom) photosynthetic, uses photosystem I and II, has chlorophyll is not in chloroplasts, but rather found in the thylakoid membranes

front 43

Heterocysts

back 43

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

front 44

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

back 44

(kingdom) the subgroup actinomycetes belongs here. Two species of actinomycetes cause tuberculosis & leprosy, respectively. Actinomycetes are also responsible for the "earthy" odor of rich soil

front 45

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

back 45

(kingdom) Streptomyces, have been the sources for several antibiotics

front 46

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

back 46

(kingdom) Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, belongs here

front 47

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

back 47

(kingdom) Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent for botulism, goes here

front 48

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

back 48

(kingdom) Streptococcus and Staphylococcus sp. belong here

front 49

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

back 49

(kingdom) includes Mycoplasmas, the only bacteria known to lack a cell wall; they are also the tiniest known cells. one species of Mycoplasma causes walking pneumonia

front 50

Characteristics of protists

back 50

Eukaryotic, can be free-living, parasitic, or symbiotic
All: Require source of moisture/moist environment
Most:
-Unicellular
-Aerobic Respiration
Some:
-Exist as colonies
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-Autotrophic
-Mixotrophic (both)

front 51

Supergroup Excavata

back 51

Some members have an "excavated" groove on one side of the cell body

front 52

Supergroup Excavata Kingdoms

back 52

Kingdom Diplomonadida
Kingdom Parabasala
Kingdom Euglenozoa

front 53

Kingdom Diplomonadida

back 53

(kingdom) organisms lack plastids (group of membrane-bound organelles including leucoplasts, chloroplasts, & chromoplasts)

front 54

Kingdom Diplomonadida

back 54

(kingdom) have reduced mitochondria, mitosomes, which lack functional electron transport chains, hence cannot use oxygen to help extract energy from carbohydrates or other organic molecules

front 55

Kingdom Diplomonadida

back 55

(kingdom) use anaerobic pathways to get energy

front 56

Kingdom Diplomonadida

back 56

(kingdom) many are parasitic (e.g. Giardia)

front 57

Kingdom Diplomonadida

back 57

(kingdom) has two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella

front 58

Kingdom Diplomonadida

back 58

(kingdom) includes Giardia Lamblia

front 59

Giardia Lamblia

back 59

causative agent of "beaver fever"; acquired through fecal-contaminated water; infects human intestine, causing severe diarrhea and cramps

front 60

Giardia Lamblia

back 60

Domain Eukarya
Supergroup Excavata
Kingdom Diplomonadida

front 61

Giardia Lamblia

back 61

front 62

Kingdom Parabasala

back 62

(kingdom) have reduced mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, which generate some energy, anaerobically, by the release of hydrogen gas as a by-product

front 63

Kingdom Parabasala

back 63

(kingdom) includes the infamous organism, Trichomonas vaginalis

front 64

Trichomonas vaginalis

back 64

A usual inhabitant of the human vagina

front 65

Trichomonas vaginalis

back 65

overpopulation of this organism causes infection which can be passed to the sexual partner

front 66

Trichomonas vaginalis

back 66

In females, if the vagina's normal acidity is disturbed, T. vaginalis can outcompete beneficial microorganisms there and infect the vagina

front 67

Trichomonas vaginalis

back 67

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Parabasala

front 68

Trichonomas vaginalis

back 68

front 69

Kingdom Euglenozoa

back 69

(kingdom) have flagella containing either a spiral or crystalline rod-like structure inside each of their flagella

front 70

Kingdom Euglenozoa

back 70

(kingdom) includes predatory heterotroph, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs and parasites

front 71

Kingdom Euglenozoa

back 71

Phylum Kinetoplastida is under what Kingdom?

front 72

Phylum Kinetoplastida

back 72

(phylum) have a single, large mitochondrion, which contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

front 73

Phylum Kinetoplastida

back 73

(phylum) includes Trypanosoma bruceii, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, carried by the tsetse fly

front 74

termite flagellates

back 74

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Kinetoplastida

front 75

termite flagellates

back 75

front 76

Trypanosomes

back 76

other species can cause Chagas' disease, transmitted by blood sucking insects, can lead to congestive heart failure

front 77

Trypanosoma

back 77

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Kinetoplastida

front 78

Trypanosoma

back 78

front 79

Phylum Euglenophyta

back 79

(phylum) can have 1 or 2 flagella

front 80

Phylum Euglenophyta

back 80

(phylum) some can be mixotrophs (both heterotrophic and autotrophic); they perform photosynthesis when light is available, but can go heterotrophic if light is unavailable and absorb organic molecules from their environment; some can also engulf prey via phagocytosis

front 81

A and B

back 81

Phylum Euglenophyta Chlorophylls

front 82

No

back 82

Does Phylum Euglenophyta have a cell wall?

front 83

Phylum Euglenophyta

back 83

(phylum) has pellicle to maintain shape

front 84

Phylum Euglenophyta

back 84

(phylum) divides by mitosis, but not typical; nucleolus and nuclear membrane do not disappear

front 85

Phylum Euglenophyta

back 85

(phylum) has stigma (light sensitive organelle)

front 86

Phylum Euglenophyta

back 86

(phylum) stores carbohydrate as paramylon

front 87

Pyrenoid

back 87

where paramylon is made. Found in Phylum Euglenophyta

front 88

Euglena

back 88

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Euglenophyta

front 89

Euglena

back 89

front 90

What Kingdoms are under Supergroup Chromalveolata?

back 90

Kingdom Stramenopila

Kingdom Alveolata

front 91

Phylums under Kingdom Stramenopila

back 91

-Bacillariophyta

-Chrysophyta

-Phaeophyta

-Oomycota

front 92

Kingdom Stramenopila

back 92

(kingdom) contains both autotrophs and heterotrophs

front 93

Kingdom Stramenopila

back 93

(kingdom) Name comes from file hair-like projections found on their flagella; most members have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth", shorter one

front 94

Diatoms

back 94

Phylum Bacillariophyta is also known as?

front 95

Unicellular

back 95

Phylum Bacillariophyta: Multicellular or unicellular?

front 96

Diatoms

back 96

has unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica; wall made of two parts like bottom and top to a shoebox

front 97

Phylum Bacillariophyta

back 97

(phylum) accumulation of these in sediments are called diatomaceous earth deposits; used in many things such as toothpaste, water filters, & insulating materials

front 98

Phylum Bacillariophyta

back 98

(phylum) very abundant in oceans and lakes

front 99

Phylum Bacillariophyta

back 99

(phylum) are so abundant that their photosynthetic activity affects global carbon dioxide levels; scientists want to use diatom blooms to reduce carbon dioxide levels (carbon dioxide is kept with diatoms as they fall to ocean floor)

front 100

A and C

back 100

Phylum Bacillariophyta Chlorophylls

front 101

Diatoms

back 101

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Stramenopila

Phylum Bacillariophyta

front 102

Diatoms

back 102

front 103

Phylum Chrysophyta is commonly called?

back 103

Golden algae

front 104

Phylum Chrysophyta

back 104

(phylum) Common name comes from the yellow & brown carotenoids

front 105

Phylum Chrysophyta

back 105

(phylum) some species can be mixotrophic (both autotrophic and heterotrophic); heterotrophically ingesting organic molecules and living cells by phagocytosis

front 106

Phylum Chrysophyta

back 106

(phylum) some species can form environmentally resistant cysts if conditions get bad; these cysts can survive for decades

front 107

A and C

back 107

Phylum Chrysophyta chlorophylls

front 108

Phylum Chrysophyta

back 108

(phylum) stores carbohydrate in the form of laminarin

front 109

Chrysophyta

back 109

front 110

Phylum Phaeophyta is commonly called?

back 110

Brown Algae

front 111

All multicellular

back 111

Phylum Phaeophyta: Multicellular or Unicellular?

front 112

Phylum Phaeophyta

back 112

(phylum) Common along cold water currents

front 113

Phylum Phaeophyta

back 113

(phylum) used in soups

front 114

Phylum Phaeophyta

back 114

(phylum) cell walls contain algin which can be used to thicken foods like puddings, ice cream, and salad dressings

front 115

Phylum Phaeophyta

back 115

(phylum) stores carbohydrate in the form of laminarin

front 116

Phylum Phaeophyta

back 116

(phylum) cell wall of cellulose

front 117

Phylum Phaeophyta

back 117

(phylum) includes kelps (some can be as long as 60m in length)

front 118

Phaeophyta

back 118

front 119

Water molds

back 119

Phylum Oomycota is commonly called?

front 120

Heterotrophic

back 120

Is Phylum Oomycota autotrophic or heterotrophic?

front 121

Phylum Oomycota

back 121

(phylum) some unicellular; others branched with hyphae (fungus-like)

front 122

Phylum Oomycota

back 122

(phylum) cell wall comprised of cellulose (plant-like); fungal cell walls are comprised of chitin

front 123

Phylum Oomycota

back 123

(phylum) diploid dominant unlike fungi (which are haploid dominant)

front 124

Phylum Oomycota

back 124

(phylum) flagellated unlike fungi

front 125

Phylum Oomycota

back 125

(phylum) reproduction includes a large egg (hence the phylum name)

front 126

Phylum Oomycota

back 126

(phylum) important in decomposition of dead stuff in water

front 127

Phylum Oomycota

back 127

(phylum) Ick belongs to this phylum; it is a parasitic water mold

front 128

Phylum Oomycota

back 128

(phylum) includes other water molds that do not live in water, such as downy mildews and white rusts (these are both plant parasites); one of these, Phytophthora infestans caused the potato famine in 1800's Ireland

front 129

Saprolegnia

back 129

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Stramenopila

Phylum Oomycota

front 130

Saprolegnia

back 130

front 131

Kingdom Alveolata

back 131

(kingdom) members have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under their plasma membranes

front 132

Kingdom Alveolata

back 132

(kingdom) found in a wide variety of habitats

front 133

Phylums under Kingdom Alveolata

back 133

-Dinoflagellata

-Apicomplexa

-Ciliophora

front 134

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 134

(phylum) many members have cells with reinforced plates of cellulose

front 135

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 135

(phylum) have two flagella located in grooves along their plates

front 136

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 136

(phylum) marine and freshwater members

front 137

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 137

(phylum) can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic

front 138

A & C

back 138

Photosynthetic forms of Phylum Dinoflagellata have which chlorophylls?

front 139

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 139

(phylum) overabundance causes "red tides"; coloration of water comes from their pink to brownish-red carotinoids

front 140

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 140

(phylum) cell wall of cellulose

front 141

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 141

(phylum) some possess trichocysts (mini harpoons)

front 142

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 142

(phylum) nucleolus and nucleus do not disappear during mitosis

front 143

Phylum Dinoflagellata

back 143

(phylum) some form symbiotic relationships with coral, called zooxanthellae

front 144

Dinoflagellates

back 144

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Dinoflagellata

front 145

Dinoflagellates

back 145

front 146

Phylum Apicomplexa

back 146

(phylum) nearly all are parasites of animals

front 147

Phylum Apicomplexa

back 147

(phylum) phylum takes its name from the apical complex of which it uses to penetrate the host's red blood cells

front 148

Phylum Apicomplexa

back 148

(phylum) all members are endoparasites

front 149

Endoparasites

back 149

Parasites that live within the body of their host instead of on the surface

front 150

Phylum Apicomplexa

back 150

(phylum) have very complex life cycles, often with several hosts, with both asexual and sexual stages

front 151

Phylum Apicomplexa

back 151

(phylum) includes Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria (transmitted via the bite of the female Anopholes mosquito)

front 152

Phylum Apicomplexa

back 152

(phylum) no organelle for movement

front 153

Plasmodium vivax

back 153

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Apicomplexa

front 154

Plasmodium vivax

back 154

front 155

Phylum Ciliophora

back 155

(phylum) very large and diverse group which use cilia for locomotion

front 156

Phylum Ciliophora

back 156

(phylum) most are predators of bacteria or smaller protists

front 157

Phylum Ciliophora

back 157

(phylum) cilia may cover the entire surface or be clustered in rows or tufts in this phylum

front 158

Phylum Ciliophora

back 158

(phylum) unique in having two types of nuclei (macro & micro)

-macro governs activities of the cell

-micro is used during reproduction

front 159

Phylum Ciliophora

back 159

(phylum) reproduce by binary fission during which partners exchange a micro nucleus

front 160

Phylum Ciliophora

back 160

(phylum) some can contain a toxin

front 161

Phylum Ciliophora

back 161

(phylum) have an oral groove, which leads to the "place of ingestion"

front 162

Phylum Ciliophora

back 162

(phylum) have food and contractile vacuoles

front 163

Phylum Ciliophora

back 163

(phylum) has anal pore for waste discharge

front 164

Phylum Ciliophora

back 164

(phylum) have holozoic nutrition (whole prey is ingested)

front 165

Paramecium

back 165

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

front 166

Paramecium

back 166

front 167

Stentor

back 167

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

front 168

Stentor

back 168

front 169

Phylums of Kingdom Cercozoa

back 169

-Radiolaria

-Foraminifera

front 170

Phylum Radiolaria

back 170

(phylum) movement is via axopodia (their pseudopodia); these structures help them float and feed

front 171

Phylum Radiolaria

back 171

(phylum) has silica in its internal skeleton comprised of silica (gives them a glass-like appearance)

front 172

Phylum Radiolaria

back 172

(phylum) Lives in marine waters

front 173

Radiolaria

back 173

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Rhizaria

Kingdom Cercozoa

Phylum Radiolaria

(If it looks really beautiful it's probably this)

front 174

Radiolaria

back 174

front 175

Phylum Foraminifera

back 175

(phylum) name means to bear pores

front 176

Phylum Foraminifera

back 176

(phylum) shells are called "tests" which are single pieces of organic material, hardened with calcium carbonate

front 177

Phylum Foraminifera

back 177

(phylum) marine & fresh water

most live in sand or can attach themselves to rocks or algae

front 178

Phylum Foraminifera

back 178

(phylum) many derive nutrients from symbiotic algae

front 179

Phylum Foraminifera

back 179

(phylum) formed White Cliffs of Dover; limestone; flint

front 180

Foraminifera

back 180

front 181

Kingdom under Supergroup Rhizaria

back 181

Cercozoa

front 182

Kingdom Cercozoa

back 182

(kingdom) thread like pseudopodia

front 183

Kingdom Cercozoa

back 183

(kingdom) marine and fresh water, soil

front 184

Kingdom Cercozoa

back 184

(kingdom) Most are heterotrophic

front 185

Kingdom Cercozoa

back 185

(kingdom) Many are plant, animal, or protist parasites

front 186

Kingdoms of Supergroup Archaeplastida

back 186

-Rhodophyta

-Chlorophyta

front 187

Red algae

back 187

Kingdom Rhodophyta common name?

front 188

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 188

(kingdom) red coloration is from phycoerythrin, which masks the green of the chlorophyll

front 189

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 189

(kingdom) colors can range from greenish-red in shallow water to bright red in medium depths to nearly black at deep depths

front 190

A & D

back 190

Kingdom Rhodophyta chlorophylls

front 191

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 191

(kingdom) stores carbohydrate as Floridian starch

front 192

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 192

(kingdom) unlike other algal species, this Kingdom does not have flagellated gametes; water currents must move them.

front 193

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 193

(kingdom) some can be heterotrophic and parasitize other red algae

front 194

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 194

(kingdom) some contain calcium carbonate walls and are found on reefs (coralline algae)

front 195

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 195

(kingdom) Nonmotile male gametes called spermatia - Most are marine algae

front 196

Kingdom Rhodophyta

back 196

(kingdom) agar (for bacterial plates) comes from here; carrageenan (thickener for items such as ice cream). Also used in sushi wrapping

front 197

Rhodophyta (microscope)

back 197

front 198

Rhodophyta (regular)

back 198

front 199

Green algae

back 199

Kingdom Chlorophyta common name?

front 200

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 200

(kingdom) chloroplasts are very similar to those of land plants

front 201

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 201

(kingdom) some systematists advocate the move of this group to an expanded plant kingdom, Viridiplantae

front 202

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 202

(kingdom) mostly fresh water, but some are marine or even terrestrial

front 203

Starch

back 203

Carbohydrate storage form in Chlorophyta is

front 204

Cellulose

back 204

Cell walls in Chlorophyta are made up of

front 205

A & B

back 205

What Chlorophylls are present in Chlorophyta?

front 206

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 206

(kingdom) most have complex life cycles with both asexual and sexual stages

front 207

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 207

(kingdom) larger size and greater complexity evolved in the chlorophytes by three different mechanisms

front 208

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 208

(kingdom) Formation of colonies of individual cells, as seen in Volvox, and filamentous forms that make stringy masses known as pond scum

front 209

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 209

(kingdom) Production of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation, as in Ulva

front 210

Kingdom Chlorophyta

back 210

(kingdom) Repeated karyokinesis without cytokinesis, as seen with Caulerpa

front 211

Chlorophyta

back 211

front 212

Chlamydomonas

back 212

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

front 213

Chlamydomonas

back 213

front 214

Gonium

back 214

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

front 215

Gonium

back 215

front 216

Eudorina

back 216

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

front 217

Eudorina

back 217

front 218

Volvox

back 218

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

front 219

Volvox

back 219

front 220

Spirogyra

back 220

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

front 221

Spirogyra

back 221

front 222

Ulothrix

back 222

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

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Ulothrix

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Supergroup Unikonta Kingdoms

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Kingdom Amoebozoa

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Kingdom Amoebozoa Phylums

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-Myxogastria

-Dictyostelida

-Gymnamoeba

-Entamoeba

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Phylum Myxogastrida is commonly known as?

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plasmodial slime molds

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Phylum Myxogastrida

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(phylum) once thought to be fungi, but relationship to them is via convergent evolution

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Convergent Evolution

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did not arise from common ancestor, but rather have similar characteristics dictated by a similar niche in the environment

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Phylum Myxogastrida

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(phylum) they progress from a large, coenocytic (many nuclei per cell) mass called a plasmodium; a multinucleated mass with continuous cytoplasm, unbound by membranes or walls

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usually diploid

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Is Phylum Myxogastrida haploid or diploid?

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Phylum Myxogastrida appearance

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(phylum) usually brightly, colored yellow or orange

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Phylum Myxogastrida

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(phylum) can be found growing through leaf mulch, rotten logs, & moist soil

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cellular slime molds

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Phylum Dictyostelida is commonly known as?

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Phylum Dictyostelida

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(phylum) unique group of social amoebae that exhibit a fascinating life cycle, which involves both unicellular and multicellular stages.

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Phylum Dictyostelida

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(phylum) move using temporary extensions of their cell membrane called pseudopodia

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Phylum Dictyostelida

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(phylum) feeding stage consists of solitary cells (unlike the plasmodial slime mold)

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Phylum Dictyostelida

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(phylum) When food is abundant, they exist as individual, free-living amoeboid cells.

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Phylum Dictyostelida

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(phylum) When food becomes scarce, the individual cells aggregate together to form multicellular structures known as "slugs."

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Phylum Dictyostelida

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(phylum) During the aggregation phase, thousands of individual cells come together and move as a collective mass. This process is crucial for the survival of the population as a whole.

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Tubulinids

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Phylum Gymnamoeba is also known as

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Phylum Gymnamoeba

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(phylum) comprises a large and diverse group of amoebozoans

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Phylum Gymnamoeba

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(phylum) ubiquitous in soil, fresh & marine waters

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Phylum Gymnamoeba

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(phylum) most are heterotrophic, actively seeking to consume bacteria and other protists though some feed on detritus (non-living organic matter)

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Phylum Entamoeba

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(phylum) includes an all-parasitic genus, Entamoeba; infects all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates

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Phylum Entamoeba

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(phylum) includes E. histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery; spread via contaminated drinking water; 3rd leading cause of death from parasites after malaria & schistosomiasis

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Amoeba

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Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Unikonta

Kingdom Amoebazoa

Phylum Gymnamoeba

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Amoeba

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