Heterocysts

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. specialized because they have a modified cellular structure that allows them to protect the nitrogen-fixing enzymes from oxygen. The nitrogenase enzyme responsible for converting nitrogen gas into ammonia is highly sensitive to oxygen, and in normal photosynthetic cells of cyanobacteria, there is a high oxygen concentration due to photosynthesis. Even though the oxygen-sensitive Nitrogenase is segregated from the Oxygen-producing photosynthesis, it basically creates a micro-environment where Nitrogen fixation can occur without being inhibited by Oxygen.

Thermoacidophiles

Lives in areas with very high temperature and very high acidity (low pH) and can be found in deep sea vents.

Thermoacidophiles

Picrophilus optimally grows at pH 0.7 and can tolerate 0.0; higher pH levels (4.0) disintegrate this species

Domain Bacteria

(domain) some have pilli (projections attached to outer layer of cell); pilli can be used for attachment of bacterium to substrate or during conjugation

Domain Bacteria

(domain) some have a capsule (protective layer outside the cell wall); can protect against dehydration or host's immune system

Domain Bacteria

(domain) Most have cell walls comprised of peptidoglycan (aka murein)

Domain Bacteria

(domain) 1 double-strained ring of DNA within a nucleoid region but can also have extra-chromosomal DNA in plasmids

Domain Bacteria

(domain) have flagella comprised of flagellin (no microtubules or tubulin as seen in eukaryotic flagella)

Domain Bacteria

(domain) can have chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals; positive = towards, negative = away from) and phototaxis (movement in response to light)

Domain Bacteria

(domain) no mitosis, no meiosis; divide by binary fission (cell doubles everything, then splits in half)

Conjugation

transfer of DNA (plasmid) between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined

Transformation

process of taking in DNA from the external environment

Transduction

transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses (bacteriophages)

Saprobes

Bacteria feed on dead stuff

Endospores

Cells able to withstand harsh environments. Produced by certain bacterial species as a survival strategy in response to unfavourable or stressful conditions. Resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, making them capable of enduring long periods of time without nutrients or in extreme environments. Ability to persist in a dormant state allows certain bacteria to hibernate until conditions become favourable for growth again.

Mother-cell lysis: Once cell is fully developed, the original bacterial cell (known as the mother cell) releases the endospore into the environment. So, the endospore remains dormant and highly resistant to environmental stressors.

Germination: When conditions improve and become favourable again, the endospore germinates and reverts to its vegetative bacterial form. Protective layers are broken down and cellular machinery is reactivated. Once germinated, the bacteria resumes back to its normal reproductive activities.

Bacillus: Most well-known type of Endospore

Energy source and Carbon Source of Photoautotroph

Energy- Light. Carbon- CO2

Energy source and Carbon Source of Chemoautotroph

Energy- oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as Fe +2; NH3, H2S. Carbon- CO2

Energy source and Carbon Source of photoheterotroph

Energy- Light. Carbon- Organic compounds

Energy source and Carbon Source of Chemoheterotroph

Both organic compounds

Obligate aerobe

Require Oxygen (most bacteria are this)

Facultative anaerobe

can grow with or without oxygen; usually grows faster with it

Obligate anaerobe

poisoned by oxygen; must have anoxic environment

Kingdoms of Domain Bacteria

Proteobacteria, Chlamydia, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram Positive Bacteria

Subgroups of Kingdom Proteobacteria

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon

Subgroup Alpha Proteobacteria

(subgroup) many species are symbiotic with eukaryotic hosts (e.g. Rhizobium lives within root nodules of legume plants where they fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms the plant can use)

Subgroup Beta Proteobacteria

(subgroup) nutritionally diverse group, some are important nitrogen recyclers. Neiserria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea) goes here

Subgroup Gamma Proteobacteria

(subgroup) includes "sulfur" bacteria which oxidizes H2S, producing sulfur as a by-product; Legionella (causative agent of Legionnaire's disease). Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella belong here

Subgroup Delta Proteobacteria

(subgroup) includes slime-producing Myxobacteria & Bdellvibrios which attack other bacteria

Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

(subgroup) Most members are pathogenic to humans or other animals.

Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

(subgroup) Camphylobacter, a causative agent of blood poisoning & intestinal inflammation goes here

Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

(subgroup) Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent for stomach ulcers, goes here

Kingdom Chlamydia

(kingdom) survives only in animal cells; depends on host cell for resources such as ATP

Kingdom Chlamydia

(kingdom) has odd cell wall which stains gram negative; cell wall has no peptidoglycan

Kingdom Chlamydia

(kingdom) Chlamydia trachmatis, the most common cause of blindness in the world & also causes non-gonococcal urethritis (the most common, sexuallytransmitted disease) belongs here

Kingdom Spirochetes

(kingdom) Treponema pallidum, the causative agent for syphilis, belongs here

Kingdom Spirochetes

(kingdom) Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent for Lyme disease, goes here

Kingdom Spirochetes

(kingdom) uses flagella to spiral themselves through their environment

Kingdom Cyanobacteria

(kingdom) photosynthetic, uses photosystem I and II, has chlorophyll is not in chloroplasts, but rather found in the thylakoid membranes

Heterocysts

specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

(kingdom) the subgroup actinomycetes belongs here. Two species of actinomycetes cause tuberculosis & leprosy, respectively. Actinomycetes are also responsible for the "earthy" odor of rich soil

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

(kingdom) Streptomyces, have been the sources for several antibiotics

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

(kingdom) Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, belongs here

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

(kingdom) Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent for botulism, goes here

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

(kingdom) Streptococcus and Staphylococcus sp. belong here

Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria

(kingdom) includes Mycoplasmas, the only bacteria known to lack a cell wall; they are also the tiniest known cells. one species of Mycoplasma causes walking pneumonia

Characteristics of protists

Eukaryotic, can be free-living, parasitic, or symbiotic
All: Require source of moisture/moist environment
Most:
-Unicellular
-Aerobic Respiration
Some:
-Exist as colonies
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-Autotrophic
-Mixotrophic (both)

Supergroup Excavata

Some members have an "excavated" groove on one side of the cell body

Supergroup Excavata Kingdoms

Kingdom Diplomonadida
Kingdom Parabasala
Kingdom Euglenozoa

Kingdom Diplomonadida

(kingdom) organisms lack plastids (group of membrane-bound organelles including leucoplasts, chloroplasts, & chromoplasts)

Kingdom Diplomonadida

(kingdom) have reduced mitochondria, mitosomes, which lack functional electron transport chains, hence cannot use oxygen to help extract energy from carbohydrates or other organic molecules

Kingdom Diplomonadida

(kingdom) use anaerobic pathways to get energy

Kingdom Diplomonadida

(kingdom) many are parasitic (e.g. Giardia)

Kingdom Diplomonadida

(kingdom) has two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella

Kingdom Diplomonadida

(kingdom) includes Giardia Lamblia

Giardia Lamblia

causative agent of "beaver fever"; acquired through fecal-contaminated water; infects human intestine, causing severe diarrhea and cramps

Giardia Lamblia

Domain Eukarya
Supergroup Excavata
Kingdom Diplomonadida

Giardia Lamblia

Kingdom Parabasala

(kingdom) have reduced mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, which generate some energy, anaerobically, by the release of hydrogen gas as a by-product

Kingdom Parabasala

(kingdom) includes the infamous organism, Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis

A usual inhabitant of the human vagina

Trichomonas vaginalis

overpopulation of this organism causes infection which can be passed to the sexual partner

Trichomonas vaginalis

In females, if the vagina's normal acidity is disturbed, T. vaginalis can outcompete beneficial microorganisms there and infect the vagina

Trichomonas vaginalis

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Parabasala

Trichonomas vaginalis

Kingdom Euglenozoa

(kingdom) have flagella containing either a spiral or crystalline rod-like structure inside each of their flagella

Kingdom Euglenozoa

(kingdom) includes predatory heterotroph, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs and parasites

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Kinetoplastida is under what Kingdom?

Phylum Kinetoplastida

(phylum) have a single, large mitochondrion, which contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

Phylum Kinetoplastida

(phylum) includes Trypanosoma bruceii, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, carried by the tsetse fly

termite flagellates

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Kinetoplastida

termite flagellates

Trypanosomes

other species can cause Chagas' disease, transmitted by blood sucking insects, can lead to congestive heart failure

Trypanosoma

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Kinetoplastida

Trypanosoma

Phylum Euglenophyta

(phylum) can have 1 or 2 flagella

Phylum Euglenophyta

(phylum) some can be mixotrophs (both heterotrophic and autotrophic); they perform photosynthesis when light is available, but can go heterotrophic if light is unavailable and absorb organic molecules from their environment; some can also engulf prey via phagocytosis

A and B

Phylum Euglenophyta Chlorophylls

No

Does Phylum Euglenophyta have a cell wall?

Phylum Euglenophyta

(phylum) has pellicle to maintain shape

Phylum Euglenophyta

(phylum) divides by mitosis, but not typical; nucleolus and nuclear membrane do not disappear

Phylum Euglenophyta

(phylum) has stigma (light sensitive organelle)

Phylum Euglenophyta

(phylum) stores carbohydrate as paramylon

Pyrenoid

where paramylon is made. Found in Phylum Euglenophyta

Euglena

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Phylum Euglenophyta

Euglena

What Kingdoms are under Supergroup Chromalveolata?

Kingdom Stramenopila

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylums under Kingdom Stramenopila

-Bacillariophyta

-Chrysophyta

-Phaeophyta

-Oomycota

Kingdom Stramenopila

(kingdom) contains both autotrophs and heterotrophs

Kingdom Stramenopila

(kingdom) Name comes from file hair-like projections found on their flagella; most members have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth", shorter one

Diatoms

Phylum Bacillariophyta is also known as?

Unicellular

Phylum Bacillariophyta: Multicellular or unicellular?

Diatoms

has unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica; wall made of two parts like bottom and top to a shoebox

Phylum Bacillariophyta

(phylum) accumulation of these in sediments are called diatomaceous earth deposits; used in many things such as toothpaste, water filters, & insulating materials

Phylum Bacillariophyta

(phylum) very abundant in oceans and lakes

Phylum Bacillariophyta

(phylum) are so abundant that their photosynthetic activity affects global carbon dioxide levels; scientists want to use diatom blooms to reduce carbon dioxide levels (carbon dioxide is kept with diatoms as they fall to ocean floor)

A and C

Phylum Bacillariophyta Chlorophylls

Diatoms

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Stramenopila

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Diatoms

Phylum Chrysophyta is commonly called?

Golden algae

Phylum Chrysophyta

(phylum) Common name comes from the yellow & brown carotenoids

Phylum Chrysophyta

(phylum) some species can be mixotrophic (both autotrophic and heterotrophic); heterotrophically ingesting organic molecules and living cells by phagocytosis

Phylum Chrysophyta

(phylum) some species can form environmentally resistant cysts if conditions get bad; these cysts can survive for decades

A and C

Phylum Chrysophyta chlorophylls

Phylum Chrysophyta

(phylum) stores carbohydrate in the form of laminarin

Chrysophyta

Phylum Phaeophyta is commonly called?

Brown Algae

All multicellular

Phylum Phaeophyta: Multicellular or Unicellular?

Phylum Phaeophyta

(phylum) Common along cold water currents

Phylum Phaeophyta

(phylum) used in soups

Phylum Phaeophyta

(phylum) cell walls contain algin which can be used to thicken foods like puddings, ice cream, and salad dressings

Phylum Phaeophyta

(phylum) stores carbohydrate in the form of laminarin

Phylum Phaeophyta

(phylum) cell wall of cellulose

Phylum Phaeophyta

(phylum) includes kelps (some can be as long as 60m in length)

Phaeophyta

Water molds

Phylum Oomycota is commonly called?

Heterotrophic

Is Phylum Oomycota autotrophic or heterotrophic?

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) some unicellular; others branched with hyphae (fungus-like)

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) cell wall comprised of cellulose (plant-like); fungal cell walls are comprised of chitin

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) diploid dominant unlike fungi (which are haploid dominant)

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) flagellated unlike fungi

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) reproduction includes a large egg (hence the phylum name)

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) important in decomposition of dead stuff in water

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) Ick belongs to this phylum; it is a parasitic water mold

Phylum Oomycota

(phylum) includes other water molds that do not live in water, such as downy mildews and white rusts (these are both plant parasites); one of these, Phytophthora infestans caused the potato famine in 1800's Ireland

Saprolegnia

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Stramenopila

Phylum Oomycota

Saprolegnia

Kingdom Alveolata

(kingdom) members have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under their plasma membranes

Kingdom Alveolata

(kingdom) found in a wide variety of habitats

Phylums under Kingdom Alveolata

-Dinoflagellata

-Apicomplexa

-Ciliophora

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) many members have cells with reinforced plates of cellulose

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) have two flagella located in grooves along their plates

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) marine and freshwater members

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic

A & C

Photosynthetic forms of Phylum Dinoflagellata have which chlorophylls?

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) overabundance causes "red tides"; coloration of water comes from their pink to brownish-red carotinoids

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) cell wall of cellulose

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) some possess trichocysts (mini harpoons)

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) nucleolus and nucleus do not disappear during mitosis

Phylum Dinoflagellata

(phylum) some form symbiotic relationships with coral, called zooxanthellae

Dinoflagellates

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Dinoflagellata

Dinoflagellates

Phylum Apicomplexa

(phylum) nearly all are parasites of animals

Phylum Apicomplexa

(phylum) phylum takes its name from the apical complex of which it uses to penetrate the host's red blood cells

Phylum Apicomplexa

(phylum) all members are endoparasites

Endoparasites

Parasites that live within the body of their host instead of on the surface

Phylum Apicomplexa

(phylum) have very complex life cycles, often with several hosts, with both asexual and sexual stages

Phylum Apicomplexa

(phylum) includes Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria (transmitted via the bite of the female Anopholes mosquito)

Phylum Apicomplexa

(phylum) no organelle for movement

Plasmodium vivax

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Apicomplexa

Plasmodium vivax

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) very large and diverse group which use cilia for locomotion

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) most are predators of bacteria or smaller protists

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) cilia may cover the entire surface or be clustered in rows or tufts in this phylum

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) unique in having two types of nuclei (macro & micro)

-macro governs activities of the cell

-micro is used during reproduction

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) reproduce by binary fission during which partners exchange a micro nucleus

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) some can contain a toxin

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) have an oral groove, which leads to the "place of ingestion"

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) have food and contractile vacuoles

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) has anal pore for waste discharge

Phylum Ciliophora

(phylum) have holozoic nutrition (whole prey is ingested)

Paramecium

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

Paramecium

Stentor

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

Stentor

Phylums of Kingdom Cercozoa

-Radiolaria

-Foraminifera

Phylum Radiolaria

(phylum) movement is via axopodia (their pseudopodia); these structures help them float and feed

Phylum Radiolaria

(phylum) has silica in its internal skeleton comprised of silica (gives them a glass-like appearance)

Phylum Radiolaria

(phylum) Lives in marine waters

Radiolaria

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Rhizaria

Kingdom Cercozoa

Phylum Radiolaria

(If it looks really beautiful it's probably this)

Radiolaria

Phylum Foraminifera

(phylum) name means to bear pores

Phylum Foraminifera

(phylum) shells are called "tests" which are single pieces of organic material, hardened with calcium carbonate

Phylum Foraminifera

(phylum) marine & fresh water

most live in sand or can attach themselves to rocks or algae

Phylum Foraminifera

(phylum) many derive nutrients from symbiotic algae

Phylum Foraminifera

(phylum) formed White Cliffs of Dover; limestone; flint

Foraminifera

Kingdom under Supergroup Rhizaria

Cercozoa

Kingdom Cercozoa

(kingdom) thread like pseudopodia

Kingdom Cercozoa

(kingdom) marine and fresh water, soil

Kingdom Cercozoa

(kingdom) Most are heterotrophic

Kingdom Cercozoa

(kingdom) Many are plant, animal, or protist parasites

Kingdoms of Supergroup Archaeplastida

-Rhodophyta

-Chlorophyta

Red algae

Kingdom Rhodophyta common name?

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) red coloration is from phycoerythrin, which masks the green of the chlorophyll

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) colors can range from greenish-red in shallow water to bright red in medium depths to nearly black at deep depths

A & D

Kingdom Rhodophyta chlorophylls

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) stores carbohydrate as Floridian starch

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) unlike other algal species, this Kingdom does not have flagellated gametes; water currents must move them.

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) some can be heterotrophic and parasitize other red algae

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) some contain calcium carbonate walls and are found on reefs (coralline algae)

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) Nonmotile male gametes called spermatia - Most are marine algae

Kingdom Rhodophyta

(kingdom) agar (for bacterial plates) comes from here; carrageenan (thickener for items such as ice cream). Also used in sushi wrapping

Rhodophyta (microscope)

Rhodophyta (regular)

Green algae

Kingdom Chlorophyta common name?

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) chloroplasts are very similar to those of land plants

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) some systematists advocate the move of this group to an expanded plant kingdom, Viridiplantae

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) mostly fresh water, but some are marine or even terrestrial

Starch

Carbohydrate storage form in Chlorophyta is

Cellulose

Cell walls in Chlorophyta are made up of

A & B

What Chlorophylls are present in Chlorophyta?

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) most have complex life cycles with both asexual and sexual stages

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) larger size and greater complexity evolved in the chlorophytes by three different mechanisms

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) Formation of colonies of individual cells, as seen in Volvox, and filamentous forms that make stringy masses known as pond scum

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) Production of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation, as in Ulva

Kingdom Chlorophyta

(kingdom) Repeated karyokinesis without cytokinesis, as seen with Caulerpa

Chlorophyta

Chlamydomonas

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Chlamydomonas

Gonium

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Gonium

Eudorina

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Eudorina

Volvox

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Volvox

Spirogyra

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Spirogyra

Ulothrix

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Ulothrix

Supergroup Unikonta Kingdoms

Kingdom Amoebozoa

Kingdom Amoebozoa Phylums

-Myxogastria

-Dictyostelida

-Gymnamoeba

-Entamoeba

Phylum Myxogastrida is commonly known as?

plasmodial slime molds

Phylum Myxogastrida

(phylum) once thought to be fungi, but relationship to them is via convergent evolution

Convergent Evolution

did not arise from common ancestor, but rather have similar characteristics dictated by a similar niche in the environment

Phylum Myxogastrida

(phylum) they progress from a large, coenocytic (many nuclei per cell) mass called a plasmodium; a multinucleated mass with continuous cytoplasm, unbound by membranes or walls

usually diploid

Is Phylum Myxogastrida haploid or diploid?

Phylum Myxogastrida appearance

(phylum) usually brightly, colored yellow or orange

Phylum Myxogastrida

(phylum) can be found growing through leaf mulch, rotten logs, & moist soil

cellular slime molds

Phylum Dictyostelida is commonly known as?

Phylum Dictyostelida

(phylum) unique group of social amoebae that exhibit a fascinating life cycle, which involves both unicellular and multicellular stages.

Phylum Dictyostelida

(phylum) move using temporary extensions of their cell membrane called pseudopodia

Phylum Dictyostelida

(phylum) feeding stage consists of solitary cells (unlike the plasmodial slime mold)

Phylum Dictyostelida

(phylum) When food is abundant, they exist as individual, free-living amoeboid cells.

Phylum Dictyostelida

(phylum) When food becomes scarce, the individual cells aggregate together to form multicellular structures known as "slugs."

Phylum Dictyostelida

(phylum) During the aggregation phase, thousands of individual cells come together and move as a collective mass. This process is crucial for the survival of the population as a whole.

Tubulinids

Phylum Gymnamoeba is also known as

Phylum Gymnamoeba

(phylum) comprises a large and diverse group of amoebozoans

Phylum Gymnamoeba

(phylum) ubiquitous in soil, fresh & marine waters

Phylum Gymnamoeba

(phylum) most are heterotrophic, actively seeking to consume bacteria and other protists though some feed on detritus (non-living organic matter)

Phylum Entamoeba

(phylum) includes an all-parasitic genus, Entamoeba; infects all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Phylum Entamoeba

(phylum) includes E. histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery; spread via contaminated drinking water; 3rd leading cause of death from parasites after malaria & schistosomiasis

Amoeba

Domain Eukarya

Supergroup Unikonta

Kingdom Amoebazoa

Phylum Gymnamoeba

Amoeba