Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

polyphagia
polyuria
polydipsia
polycythemia

polycythemia

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?

hormonal
neural
humoral
positive

humoral

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

gonadotropic
hormones
calcitonin
parathyroid
hormone thyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

the thyroid and adrenal glands
the liver and gall bladder
the blood vessels
the liver, bones, and skeletal muscles

the liver, bones, and skeletal muscles

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

melatonin
growth hormone
insulin
glucagon

melatonin

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility.
FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore, it is not synthesized by males.
The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n)

paracrine
second messenger
exocrine
autocrine

paracrine

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?

testosterone
melatonin
growth hormone
calcitonin

testosterone

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism?

G protein
hormone receptor
steroid
effector enzyme

steroid

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

activation of osteoclasts
increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys
increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

cortisol
thyroid stimulating hormone
growth hormone
thyroid hormone

growth hormone

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

growth hormone (GH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone(LH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

growth hormone (GH)

A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger ________.

increased osteoblast activity
a drop in blood calcium levels
a reduction of calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules
increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney

increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

the spleen
the kidney
the heart
the skin

the heart

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers
calcium
nucleotides
deactivating ions

second messengers

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
insulin, because insulin is a small peptide

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzymatic
hormonal
neural
humoral

enzymatic

Melatonin ________.

triggers sexual maturation and puberty
is at its highest levels at around noon
is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
is produced by the parathyroid glands

is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

aldosterone
secretin
leptin
gastrin

leptin

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?

They cross the plasma membrane.
They are lipid soluble.
They are synthesized from cholesterol.
They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.

They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

general circulatory system
feedback loop
hypophyseal portal system
hepatic portal system

hypophyseal portal system

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

a change in membrane potential
stimulation of mitosis
an increase in enzyme synthesis
direct control of the nervous system

direct control of the nervous system

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?

oxytocin
testosterone
thyroxine
growth hormone

testosterone

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation
catabolic inhibition
neural stimulation
protein synthesis

humoral stimulation

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?

anterior pituitary
thyroid
thymus
adrenal

thymus

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

testosterone
epinephrine
estrogen
cortisol

cortisol

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

induces secretory activity
activates or deactivates enzymes
stimulates production of an action potential
alters plasma membrane permeability

stimulates production of an action potential

Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production?

the linking of two diiodotyrosine (DIT) molecules in the colloid
the production of thyroglobulin by follicular cells
the binding of iodine to tyrosines in the colloid
the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell

the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?

aldosterone
epinephrine
cortisol
estrogen

epinephrine

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones
proteins
antibodies
enzymes

hormones

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________.

secretin
aldosterone
insulin
cortisol

cortisol

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

glucagon
thyroxine
aldosterone
insulin

glucagon

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
It causes positive feedback.
It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.

It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

adrenal medulla
pancreas
thymus gland
thyroid gland

thymus gland

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

is the site of prolactin synthesis
conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
runs through the infundibulum

runs through the infundibulum