Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes
mellitus?
polyphagia
polyuria
polydipsia
polycythemia
polycythemia
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?
hormonal
neural
humoral
positive
humoral
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is
________.
gonadotropic
hormones
calcitonin
parathyroid
hormone thyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
the thyroid and adrenal glands
the liver and gall bladder
the blood vessels
the liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
the liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake
even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement
could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
melatonin
growth hormone
insulin
glucagon
melatonin
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be
unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this
problem.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence
fertility.
FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells;
therefore, it is not synthesized by males.
The man must be
producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by
________.
increasing the basal metabolic rate in the
target organ
synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G
proteins and cAMP
altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to
release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal
cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect
of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n)
paracrine
second messenger
exocrine
autocrine
paracrine
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell
that directly activate specific genes?
testosterone
melatonin
growth hormone
calcitonin
testosterone
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling
mechanism?
G protein
hormone receptor
steroid
effector enzyme
steroid
Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to
maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
activation of
osteoclasts
increased calcium ion reabsorption by the
kidneys
increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for
her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her
growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is
recommended?
cortisol
thyroid stimulating hormone
growth hormone
thyroid hormone
growth hormone
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine
gland?
growth hormone (GH)
follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone(LH)
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
growth hormone (GH)
A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger ________.
increased osteoblast activity
a drop in blood calcium
levels
a reduction of calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules
increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence
of a hormone is dependent on ________.
the presence of the
appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or
organ
nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to
stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and
nonspecific
the location of the tissue or organ with respect to
the circulatory path
the membrane potential of the cells of the
target organ
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
the spleen
the kidney
the heart
the skin
the heart
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects
through intracellular ________.
second messengers
calcium
nucleotides
deactivating ions
second messengers
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a
manner similar to ________.
growth hormone, because the
thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
glucagon,
because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid
hormone
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into
target cells
insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland
stimulus?
enzymatic
hormonal
neural
humoral
enzymatic
Melatonin ________.
triggers sexual maturation and
puberty
is at its highest levels at around noon
is
responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
is produced by the
parathyroid glands
is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases
energy expenditure?
aldosterone
secretin
leptin
gastrin
leptin
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
entering
the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
activating the
hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
binding cell
receptors and initiating cAMP activity
entering the nucleus of a
cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based
hormones?
They cross the plasma membrane.
They are
lipid soluble.
They are synthesized from cholesterol.
They
require a receptor in the plasma membrane.
They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported
to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the
________.
general circulatory system
feedback loop
hypophyseal portal system
hepatic portal system
hypophyseal portal system
Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
a change in membrane potential
stimulation of mitosis
an increase in enzyme synthesis
direct control of the
nervous system
direct control of the nervous system
John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from
your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of
the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?
oxytocin
testosterone
thyroxine
growth hormone
testosterone
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems
directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
Which of the following describes this mechanism?
humoral
stimulation
catabolic inhibition
neural stimulation
protein synthesis
humoral stimulation
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine
gland because ________.
it is strictly a part of the
neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human
it is no longer functional
it is only a hormone storage area
that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
it is
unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part
of the neural system due to its location
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well
as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is
likely responsible for this?
anterior pituitary
thyroid
thymus
adrenal
thymus
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to
________.
testosterone
epinephrine
estrogen
cortisol
cortisol
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a
hormonal stimulus?
induces secretory activity
activates or deactivates enzymes
stimulates production of
an action potential
alters plasma membrane permeability
stimulates production of an action potential
Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4)
production?
the linking of two diiodotyrosine (DIT)
molecules in the colloid
the production of thyroglobulin by
follicular cells
the binding of iodine to tyrosines in the
colloid
the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the
follicular cell
the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell
Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?
aldosterone
epinephrine
cortisol
estrogen
epinephrine
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids
that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of
other cells in the body are called ________.
hormones
proteins
antibodies
enzymes
hormones
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is
due to the action of ________.
secretin
aldosterone
insulin
cortisol
cortisol
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with
stress?
by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for
the stress response
by decreasing the heart rate, thus
decreasing blood pressure
by increasing blood glucose, fatty
acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries
that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping
to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
glucagon
thyroxine
aldosterone
insulin
glucagon
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from
other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true
concerning this difference?
It is a stimulant of cellular
metabolism and targets all cells.
It is very specific in the
cell type it targets.
It causes positive feedback.
It
does not require a second messenger to cause a response.
It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones
produced by the ________.
adrenal medulla
pancreas
thymus gland
thyroid gland
thymus gland
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
is the site
of prolactin synthesis
conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
runs
through the infundibulum
runs through the infundibulum