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Chapter 8 MICRO

front 1

Where the RNA polymerase and the newly formed mRNA are released.

back 1

Terminator site

front 2

Enzymes that assemble the nucleotides of DNA into chains.

back 2

DNA polymerase

front 3

Formation of protein from the genetic information contained in mRNA

back 3

Translation

front 4

Formation of mRNA from the genetic information contained in DNA

back 4

Transcription

front 5

Enzymes that bind short strands of DNA together into longer strands.

back 5

DNA ligases

front 6

Where transcription begins on mRNA.

back 6

Promoter site

front 7

ii A sequence of three bases coding for the position of an amino acid in the assembly of a protein chain.

back 7

Codon

front 8

A cluster of related genes together with a operator and promoter sites on mRNA.

back 8

Operon

front 9

A sequence of three bases on tRNA that locates the codon on the mRNA at the ribosome.

back 9

Anticodon

front 10

A sequence of bases that does not code for an amino acid, but that terminates the protein or polypeptide chain.

back 10

Stop codon

front 11

DNA region of eukaryotic cell that is expressed.

back 11

Exon

front 12

iii. The actual template upon which the protein or polypeptide chain is assembled.

back 12

mRNA

front 13

The product of transcription.

back 13

mRNA

front 14

One of these is specific for each of the 20 amino acids.

back 14

tRNA

front 15

The original genetic information in a bacteria cell.

back 15

DNA

front 16

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork.

back 16

DNA gyrase

front 17

Unwinds double-stranded DNA.

back 17

Helicase

front 18

Stops protein synthesis after transcription has occurred.

back 18

miRNA

front 19

iv. The probability of a gene mutation each time a cell divides.

back 19

Mutation rate

front 20

Usually a result of the deletion or addition of a base pair.

back 20

Frameshift mutation

front 21

A mutation caused by a chemical that is structurally similar to nucleotide components such as adenine or thymine.

back 21

Nucleotide-analog type of mutagen

front 22

A mutagen that would, for example, make the base adenine pair with cytosine instead of thymine.

back 22

Base pair type of mutagen

front 23

v. DNA transferred between cells in solution in the suspending medium.

back 23

Transformation in bacteria

front 24

Requires contact between living cells of opposite bacteria mating types.

back 24

Conjugation in bacteria

front 25

Requires a sex pilus

back 25

Conjugation in bacteria

front 26

Hfr cells

back 26

Conjugation in bacteria

front 27

The method by which plasmids such as F factors are transferred between cells.

back 27

Conjugation in bacteria

front 28

Turns genes off by methylating certain nucleotides.

back 28

Epigenic control

front 29

vi. Contain genes coding for enzymes that catabolize unusual sugars for hydrocarbons, for example.

back 29

Dissimilation plasmids

front 30

Contain genes for synthesis of toxic proteins lethal for other bacteria.

back 30

Bacteriocinogenic plasmids

front 31

v ii. Ultraviolet light

back 31

Nonionizing radiation

front 32

In the operon model, the place on the mRNA at which the repressor binds to prevent transcription of structural genes into a protein.

back 32

Operator

front 33

In the operon model, the regulator gene codes for a protein of this name.

back 33

Repressor

front 34

X ray

back 34

Ionizing radiation

front 35

viii. In replicating a strand of DNA, where adenine is on the original strand, there will be this on the new strand.

back 35

Thymine

front 36

When a strand of mRNA is made from DNA, this is found where adenine is located on the original DNA.

back 36

Transposons

front 37

A nutritional mutant.

back 37

Auxotroph

front 38

In the Ames test, the Salmonella bacterium has lost the ability to synthesize this.

back 38

Histidine

front 39

Small segments of DNA that can move from one region of the chromosome to another.

back 39

Transposons

front 40

Colonies growing on a master plate containing a complete medium can be transferred simultaneously to minimal medium by the _________ technique.

back 40

Replica Plating

front 41

A segment of DNA that codes for functional product is a(n) _______.

back 41

Gene

front 42

The site at which the replicating DNA strands separate is called the __________.

back 42

Replication fork

front 43

The organisms entire genetic potential is the _________.

back 43

Genotype

front 44

A cell with a cell wall permeable to a soluble DNA is ___________.

back 44

Competent

front 45

Bacteria that have the F factor integrated into their chromosome and that tend to transfer F factor and chromes together are called _________ cells.

back 45

Hfr

front 46

Enzymes that are always present in the cytoplasm are called ___________ enzymes.

back 46

Constitutive

front 47

Some R factors have a set of genes called the r-determinant that codes for resistance, and another set of genes called the ___________ that codes for replication and conjugation.

back 47

Resistance transfer

front 48

A bacterial virus is known, for short, as a(n) ____________.

back 48

Phage